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Define Biology.
the study of life
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List the levels of organization in the proper order.
- atom
- molecule
- organelle
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
- population
- community
- ecosystem
- biosphere
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Define matter.
anything that has mass and takes up space
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In what three forms can matter be found?
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How many elements are naturally occuring?
92
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Which four elements make up most of all living matter?
- carbon
- oxygen
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
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What is the charge of a proton?
positive
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What is the charge of a neutron?
neutral
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What is the charge of an electron?
negative
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What sub-atomic particles can be found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons
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Where can electrons be found in an atom?
in the electron cloud
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What is the atomic number?
the number of protons in an element
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What is the mass number of an element?
the number of protons and neutrons
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Will the mass number or the atomic mass be a whole number?
the mass number
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What is the atomic mass?
the actual mass of an atom of a particular element
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How is an isotope different from the regular version of an element?
it has a different number of neutrons
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Which electron shell will have the greatest potential energy?
the outermost shell
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Which electron shell will have the least potential energy?
the innermost shell
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The outer electron shell is known as the:
valence shell
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How does the number of valence electrons affect the way an element will behave?
the less full the valence shell, the more likely the element is to form chemical bonds
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Which type of chemical bonds are the weakest?
hydrogen bonds
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Which type of chemical bonds are the strongest?
covalent bonds
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What occurs during ionic bonding?
electrons are transferred from one atom to another in order to fill up the valence shell
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What is an anion?
an atom that gains a negative charge due to an ionic bond
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An atom that gains a positive charge due to an ionic bond is known as a:
cation
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What type of chemical bonds involves sharing electrons?
covalent bonds
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How many electron pairs are being shared in a double covalent bond?
two
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A covalent bond in which the electron attraction is unequal is known as a:
polar covalent bond
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In a non-polar covalent bond the electrons are shared:
equally
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How does a hydrogen bond work?
hydrogen's partial positive charge is attracted to the electronegative charge of another atom
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Why is water a polar molecule?
because oxygen is extremely electronegative
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When molecular movement increase, kinetic energy:
increases
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Heat is a measure of what?
kinetic energy
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Will water expand or contract when it cools?
contract until it reaches the critical point, then it will begin to expand
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At what temperature does the expansion/contraction of water change?
4 degrees Celsius
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Why does the expansion/contraction of water change?
below 4 degrees, the hydrogen bonds form a lattice structure making ice less dense that water
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A _________ is dissolved in a solvent to form a ________.
solute, solution
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How will water molecules surround a positive ion?
the electronegative oxygen at will turn to face it
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Which end of a water molecule, hydrogen or oxygen, will face a negatively charged ion?
the hydrogen end
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In an aqueous solution, the product of the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide should be equal to:
10-14
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In a neutral solution [H+] should be equal to:
7
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In a neutral solution [OH-] should be equal to:
7
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In a solution of pH 5, what is the [H+]?
10-5
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In a solution of pH 11, what is the [OH-]?
10-3
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If the [H+] is 10-2, what is the pH?
2
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If the [OH-] is 10-10, what is the pH?
4
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Does decreasing the pH number make a solution more or less acidic?
more acidic
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Does increasing the pH number make the solution more or less acidic?
less acidic
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A pH solution of 9 has a greater concentration of which ions?
hydroxide
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Does a solution with pH of 3 have a greater or lesser concentration of hydrogen ions that a solution with pH of 5?
greater concentration of [H+]
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