Micro exam 4

• ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
• drug that disrupts a microbial function not found in animals cells usually has a higher therapeutic index

natural products of microorganisms

artificially produced

chemically modified natural products of microorganisms

maintains a relatively steady low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval

sudden increase in frequency above expected number

first case in an epidemic

increase in disease occurrence within large population over wide region (usually worldwide)

disease of animals that can be transmitted to humans

moderate prevalence of a disease in animals

• measures the number of individuals who become ill as a result of a specific disease within a susceptible population during a specific time
• # new cases during a specific time (divided by) # individuals in population

number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time

the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases (divided by) size of total population with disease

characterized by a relatively slow and prolonged rise then a gradual decline in the number of individuals infected

characterized by a sharp rise to a peak than a rapid, but not pronounced, decline in the number of individuals infected

site or natural environmental location in which the causative organism is normally found

an infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others and plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease

an individual who harbors the infectious organism but is not ill

an individual who is incubating the organism in large numbers but is not ill

an individual who had an overt clinical case

individuals who harbor an organism for long periods

resistance of population to infection and to spread of an infection organism because of the immunity of a large % of the population

• pathogens that develop within a hospital or other clinical care facility and are acquired by patients while they are in the facility
• often caused by bacteria

is the lowest concentration of the drug that prevents growth of a pathogen

the study of factors influencing the occurence, transmission, distribution, prevention and control of disease in a defined population

jock itch or of the groin

athlete's foot

infection of scalp

infection of the nailbed

• calcified caseous lesion
• show up prominently in chest x-rays

acute infection of dermal layer of skin

diffuse, spreading infection of subcutaneous tissue

food is source of pathogen (toxin or organism)

pathogen must be present and colonize host

ingestion of toxin

A disease located around the teeth or in the periodontium

A route of drug administration that is non-oral (e.g. by injection)

The mucous secretions from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea that is ejected (expectorated) through the mouth

inhibit the growth of certain microbes, providing general information regarding the bacteria that are able to grow

a disease that is associated with a pathogen that can be transmitted from one host to another

an infectious organisms from the source to the host via an intermediary (by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface)

• An enzyme found in the blood and in most living cells that catalyzes the
• decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid; normally found in the spleen and the testicles and produced by species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus

• is the cell form that infects new hosts
• Example: Plasmodium,
• for instance, the sporozoites are cells that develop in the mosquito's
• salivary glands, leave the mosquito during a blood meal, and enter the
• liver where they multiply. Cells infected with sporozoites eventually
• burst, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream.

• combined effects greater than sum
• of individual effects