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Dorsal/Ventral
- Dorsal = toward belly/undersurface
- Lateral = towards back/uppersurface
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Medial/Lateral
- Medial = towards mid region
- Lateral = towards the sides (right/left)
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Anterior/Posterior
- Anterior = head or part that moves forward
- Posterior = opposite part or surface
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Distal/ Proximal
- Distal = away from point of reference usually main mass
- Proximal = near point of reference
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Superficial/ Deep
- Superficial = on surface
- Deep = away from surface
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Oral/ Aboral
- Oral = surface where mouth is
- Aboral = surface opposite from mouth
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Cephalic/ Caudal
- Cephalic = towards head
- Caudal = towards tail
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Superior/ Inferior
- Superior = up
- Inferior = down
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Radially Symmetry Organisms
can be divided in half many times
-
Bilaterally Symmetrical Organisms
can be divided in half by only one plane
-
Anteroposterior/ Longitudinal Axis
- line from anterior to posterior direction
- from mouth to butt
-
Dorsiventral Axis
lines from dorsal to ventral side
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Transverse Axis
- LINE that cuts body in half from side to side
- lines running laterally across body (side to side)
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Sagittal Plane (mid-sagittal, parasagittal)
- cuts body in half between eyes
- divides organism into left/right side
- mid-sagittal = equal
- parasagittal = unequal
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Transverse Plane
- cuts body in half from side to side
- cross that includes transver and dorsiventral axes
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Frontal Plane
- cuts between mouth and eyes to both feet
- includes transverse and anteroposterior axes
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Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract - aka alimentary canal
inner tube of digestive tract
-
Integumentary System
outer tube/ skin of digestive tract
-
Coelom
- space/cavity between inner and outer tube
- between the GI tract and Integumentary system
- examples: thoracic or abdominal caivty
-
Peritoneum
- lines coelom
- two layers enclose it => space inbetween = ceolom
- divided into parietal and visceral peritoneum
- pariental - lines cavity
- visceral - covers most abdominal organs
- ex: in GI tract
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Mesentery
- suspends GI tract from dorsal/ventral aspects by layers of peritoneum
- position organ
- allow for presense of nerves, blood, lymph vessels
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Acoelomate
- no coelom
- lack fluid filled cavity
- epidermis -> muscle layer -> mesodermal cells -> endodermal cells -> gut
- ex: platyhelminthes (flatworms, tapeworms, etc)
-
Coelomate
- has coelom
- fluid filled cavity surrounded by peritoneum held up by mensentery
- epidermis-> muscle layer ->visceral organ ->peritoneum ->coelom ->peritoneum-> endodermal cells-> gut
-
Heamolymph
- fluid that leaks from a break in vessel
- emtpies into interstitial space (empty space/gap)
- intentional breaks in vessels of organisms with open circulatory system
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