Evolution

  1. Describe the conditions of primitive earth.
    • very hot and hostile
    • lots of geologic activity
    • most of the planet's water was in the form of vapor
    • as the planet cooled, water began to fall as rain
  2. List the three most widely accepted theories for where the first organic material came from.
    • chemical reaction due to geothermal events
    • comet or meteorite deposited the organic matter here
    • atmospheric reaction created organic material
  3. Where did life begin?
    in the water
  4. What type of organism migrated to land first?
    plants
  5. What did algae develop that allowed them to survive on land?
    root systems
  6. What organisms followed plants onto land?
    invertebrates
  7. What type of invertebrates likely came onto land first?
    arthropods
  8. List two reasons that organisms would migrate onto land.
    • in search of food
    • to avoid predators
  9. As fish adapted to stay on land longer and longer, they gave rise first to ______ and later to _______ species.
    amphibians, reptiles
  10. List in order the major classes of organisms that migrated to land.
    • plants
    • invertebrates
    • vertabrates
  11. List the four Pre-Darwin ideas discussed in class.
    • the earth is very young, age measured in 1,000's
    • all organisms are specially created, no new species will be added, and no existing species will vary
    • any ability to adapt is the work of a creator
    • all observations should support the current world view
  12. What did Linneaus contribute to the study of organismal evolution?
    taxonomy
  13. What does taxonomy examine?
    relationships between organisms
  14. Define paleontology.
    study of the fossil record
  15. Who was an early pioneer in paleontology?
    Cuvier
  16. What did Cuvier notice about the fossil record?
    that some animals were disappearing
  17. The idea that any time an animal goes extinct it must be due to a major disaster or geologic event is the:
    Theory of Catastrophism
  18. Who developed the Theory of Gradualism?
    Hutton
  19. Explain the Theory of Gradualism.
    extinction and other biological events happen slowly over time
  20. What were Lamarck's two theories?
    • use and disuse - animals lose characteristics they do not use and develop characteristics they require
    • individuals inherit the acquired traits of their ancestors
  21. Where did Darwin sail?
    around the southern hemisphere
  22. Darwin left on a voyage in 1831 aboard what ship?
    the HMS Beagle
  23. What two tasks was Darwin supposed to be doing while on his voyage.
    • serving as ship naturalist
    • finding evidence to support Creationism
  24. Where did Darwin do a majority of his research?
    the Galapagos Islands
  25. True or False - The Galapagos Islands were useful to Darwin due to the ample variation in habitat among the islands.
    True
  26. What two species did Darwin concentrate his efforts upon?
    tortoises and finches
  27. What two things did Darwin observe?
    • observed enough similarity to assume a common ancestor
    • observed enough disparity to assume adaptation
  28. Upon returning to England, Darwin wrote what text?
    Theory of Evolution
  29. True or False - Darwin published Theory of Evolution upon returning to England.
    False - Darwin did not publish it until much later in life
  30. What were the four Post-Darwin ideas discussed in class?
    • the earth is very old, age measured in billions of years
    • species are related by descent
    • adaptations are related to environment, change, and random mutation
    • observations should reflect the natural world
  31. What are the three preconditions for natural selection?
    • members of a population have variations that can be passed to offspring
    • within a population, more offspring will be produced than the environment can support
    • some organisms will have adaptive characteristics that make them more fit, and more likely to pass on their genes
  32. What is the carrying capacity?
    the number of organisms an area of resources can support
  33. What are the outcomes of natural selection?
    • over time, an increasing number of individuals should have the "fitter" characteristics
    • members of a population will become more and more fit, with regards to their environment, with each passing generation
  34. In what two ways does the fossil record support evolution?
    • ability to observe the change in a species over time - horses
    • ability to see links between species - Archaeoptyerx
  35. Can we use genetic information to support evolution?
    yes, by means of DNA testing
  36. How do we use anatomic evidence to support evolution?
    • by comparing evidence of similar bones with different uses in species
    • notably, the forearm in vertebrates
  37. What is a homologous structure?
    a structure that is anatomically similar due to a common ancestor
  38. What are analogous structures?
    structures that serve the same function, but with different morphology
  39. What is a vestigial structure?
    a structure that is fully developed and used in one species, and underdeveloped or not used in another
  40. Give an example of an analogous structure.
    bird wing and a bat wing
  41. Give two examples of vestigial structures.
    • appendix in humans
    • coccyx in humans
    • wings in ostriches
  42. What is a population?
    all the members of a species in a given area
  43. What are population genetics?
    the study of genetic change in a population
  44. What is the gene pool?
    the total of all alleles, in all the individuals, for a population
  45. What is microevolution?
    the accumulation of small changes in alleles in the gene pool that happens over a relatively short time
  46. How do peppered moths demonstrate microevolution?
    Their color reacts to changes in the environment due to industrialization. The shift happens faster than normal selection of traits.
  47. List five causes of microevolution.
    • environmental change
    • genetic mutation
    • gene migration
    • non-random mating
    • genetic drift
  48. Explain genetic mutation.
    • mutations lead to an initial increase in variation
    • some mutations will be more successful than others
    • mutations that are more successful will be passed on more often and variation will decrease
  49. Explain gene migration.
    occurs when breeding individuals migrate to another population
  50. When a black male migrates and breeds with a white woman, he adds his alleles to the "white" gene pool. This is an example of:
    gene migration
  51. What is random mating?
    mating that occurs without phenotypic preference
  52. What is non-random mating?
    mating that is not due to chance, occurs as a result of phenotypic preference
  53. What are the two types of non-random mating discussed in class?
    • assortive mating - based on similar phenotype
    • sexual selection - males compete for females
  54. How can genetic drift cause microevolution?
    the allele frequency can change due to chance or other geophysical factors
  55. What happens when a bottleneck effect occurs?
    a large population, for whatever reason, only has a few individuals who successful produce the next generation, quickly lowering the allele variation of the population
  56. What is the founder effect?
    occurs when a founding member of a isolated population has a rare allele that would be uncommon in a larger population, but because of the small, isolated group becomes more prevalent
  57. Give a modern day example of the founder effect.
    dwarfism and polydactyl in Pennsylvania Amish
  58. Define natural selection.
    survival of those possessing the greatest ability to adapt to biotic and abiotic conditions
  59. What is directional selection?
    occurs when on extreme phenotype is favored and the population shifts, over time, towards that phenotype
  60. How does stabilizing selection work?
    populations shift, over time, towards the intermediate phenotype and away from extremes
  61. When both extremes of phenotype are favored and the population shifts away from the middle towards them, you have this type of selection.
    disruptive selection
  62. What is a species?
    members of a shared gene pool that are able to breed and create viable offspring
  63. What is speciation?
    separation of a species into two new species
  64. When speciation occurs due to a random allele change, you have what kind of speciation?
    sympatric
  65. When speciation results due to a physical or geographic barrier between members of the parent species you have this kind of speciation.
    allopatric speciation
  66. The differences in Old World and New World monkeys are the result of ________ speciation.
    allopatric
  67. True or False - Isolation is/are a set of circumstances that work to keep species separate.
    True
  68. Organisms that cannot physically mate or produce viable offspring exhibit this type of isolation.
    prezygotic
  69. List the four types of prezygotic isolation.
    • temporal
    • habitat
    • behavioral
    • mechanical
  70. When organisms reach fertile periods at different times of the year, they are said to exhibit this type of isolation.
    temporal
  71. Members of a species who live in different environments are _______ isolated.
    habitat
  72. When a specific courtship pattern fails to impress a female, mating does not succeed due to _________ isolation.
    behavioral
  73. Mechanical isolation occurs when reproductive structures are:
    incompatible
  74. When two organisms create a hybrid offspring that are infertile or fail to mature to reproductive age we see this type of isolation.
    postzygotic
  75. What are the two types of postzygotic isolation discussed in class?
    • decreased hybrid viability
    • decreased hybrid fertility
  76. Decreased hybrid viability occurs when a hybrid organism doesn't:
    survive to reproductive age
  77. When a hybrid organism is not capable of reproducing it demonstrates this type of postzygotic isolation.
    decreased hybrid fertility
  78. Why can't mules reproduce?
    they possess an odd number of chromosomes which prevents correct gamete formation
Author
Geoff
ID
95234
Card Set
Evolution
Description
Study cards for Evolution Chapter BIOL 189 CSN
Updated