Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy & Physiology- Nervous System

study of nervous system

those whom study the nervous system

bodys ability to read its own status with regard to every organ, sensory system, and activity carried out by the nervous sytem.

homeostasis is dependant on
1. internal environment
2. external environment
3. hormones
4. chemicals

The subdivisions of the nervous system

nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and corresponding supportive & blood tissues.

nervous system which includes the spinal nerves and all the other neurons which are not within the Central nervous system, including the supportive and blood tissues of the nerves and neurons.

nervous system responsible for integrative function

subdivisions of nerve directionality

subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system

skeletal muscle responses

smooth muscle, glands, heart, and other involuntary system responses

subdivisions of the autonomic system

part of the autonomic system associated with muscle contraction and gland secretion. An increase or decrease of these functions has a contradictory effect on its sister system or perhaps even cause it to close systems completely.

part of the autonomic system associated with rest and digestion by stimulation of gastric glands and salivary glands, and primarily to slow the heart rate by getting muscarine recpetors to release K.

Excitable cell or nerve fiber that can generate an electrical impluse that travels along the axon, initiated by chemical changes.

main body of the nerve cell

part of nerve cell that contains a large nucleus, and particularly protein, glucose, and oxygen dependent.

condition of having underactive nerve activity, with symptoms like dismeic or difficulty breathing

the length of the nerve cell and is highly dependent of the main body of the nerve cell (which produces protein within the ribosomes).

the speed of the nerve impulses depends on

insulation of fatty connective tissues along the axon that is produced my Schwann cells as a coating.

the end or terminal of an axon which contain synaptic vesicles (or tiny packages) for neurotransmitters to another neuron

chemical signals that help propagate the signal from one neuron's axon bouton or terminal to the soma of another neuron.

connection gap between a neuron and a neuron, muscle, organ, or endocrine gland.

the outer most point of the axon terminal

space between a synapse and its target

place or membrane that neuron signals lands on, whether it be another neuron, a muscle, organ, or endocrine gland.

a synapse between a muscle and a neuron

function as the increase of surface area as receptor regions for the cell.

the collection of soma and nerve cell bodies

subdivisions of synapses (considering method of transmission)

a direct and rapid, though primitive type of propagation of electical signals through a gap junction to another cell and that are thought of to be rare in mammals.

use of neurotransmitters to bridge the synaptic cleft

neuron classification

neurons destined for the CNS with the soma located in the dorsal root of the Spinal nerves ganglion.

neurons that transmit from the CNS to muscles, glands, or a soma in the CNS.

"projection neurons" that extend to distant or local neurons, and take up the majority of neurons.

a parasympathetic neurotransmitter released by sympathetic fibers under precise conditions

Sympathetic neurotransmitter

a type of neuron that innervates skeletal muscles by a parasysmpatheic neurotransmitter, acetylcholine

receptors to which a cholinergic fiber will bind to

receptors present at the motor end plate of skeletal muscle.

the condition in which a ciggarette smoker leads to a fast response in the post-synpatic neuron causing them to tremor, because their body is trying to make its own nicotine.

receptors that work as agonists and are associated with slow EPSP and IPSP or inhibitory post-synaptic potential.

a neurological drug that affects the parasympathetic system and increases the heart rate

a neurological chemical that affects the parasympathetic system and decreases the heart rate

* which neuron releases it?

a neurotransmitter that innervates the sympatheic system's adrenergic fibers.

post-synaptic receptors that respond to sympathetic neurotransmitters.

receptors that cause excitation of function

receptors that cause inhibition of function

Chemical or drug which blocks beta receptors

a green cell that accompanies the cells within the brain and usually provides them nourishment.

response that follows "automatically" from certain stimuli without conscious intent to protect the body

reflex response to prevent muscle tearing while tendon reflex prevents tendon tears, and is dependant on spindles ( *NOT SPINDLE MUSCLES)

reflex that provides voluntary movement information to and from the CNS.

sensory fibers that are coiled and sense when the muscle stretches by uncoiling, sending off a series of impluses to the spinal cord. They do not contract but another fiber will return to the muscle to cause it to contract if the stretch requires a rebound.

method of taking pictures of nerve activities

a reflex that initiates a strong signal to the spinal cordafter painful stimuli, and quickly back to the stimulated area which will inhibit extensors as well.

if damage of a flexor or withdrawal reflex is suspected, the following reflexs are the one you check for.

a signal that goes to the contralateral side to extend the limb and provide base of support once withhdrawal reflex is initaited. This is a great way to test for spinal cord function.

circular muscles around the pupil that lead to muscle constriction trigger by the parasympathetic system.

subdivisons of the autonomic system [2]

also called the visceral nervous system

where most efferent autonomic fibers originate for recieving sensory info, integrating it, and sending out the appropriate neural messages.

hypothalamus has control over 7 functions such as:

the hypothalamus controls the following in the circulatory system:

fibers heading away from the CNS toward the ganglion where the somas are

fibers heading to the ganglion and toward the target tissue or organ

Functions of the Sympathetic nerves are

autonomic system associated with excitement

the nervous system of the GI tract (considered separate from the CNS)

the movement caused by the ENS, set off by the stimulation of gastric fluids (but eventually ENS takes over) with the help of stretch receptors to control it.

organ under control of the parasympathetic system and some skeletal control to signal smooth muscle within it to contract in response to its expansion.