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missancy
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What is Biology?
The science that deals with life.
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A hypothese must be:
- Logical
- Account for all current information
- Testable
- Make the least possible assumptions
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What is a hypothesis?
An idea based on an observation.
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pH Levels?
Strong acid, weak acid, water, weak base, strong base.
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Where in the cell do glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron Transport System function?
- Glycolysis = Cytoplasm
- Kreb's Cycle = Mitochondira
- ETS = Mitochondira
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What are the products of glycolysis?
2 ATP & 2 NADH
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What is the starting point of glycolysis?
Glucose
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What are the products of the Kreb's Cycle?
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What is the starting point of the Kreb's Cycle?
Acetyl-COA
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Does the electron transport system require oxygen?
Si!
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For each glucose molecule list how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are generated by each of the following: Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and Electron Transport System.
- Glycolysis = 2 ATP, 2 NADH]
- Kreb's = 2 ATP, 8 NADH, & 2 FADH2
- ETS = 32 ATP
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What is fat broken down into before it can enter Glycolysis and/or the Kreb's Cycle?
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
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What is the ending point for Glycolysis?
Pyuvic Acid
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What is the ending point for the Kreb's Cycle?
NADH-3 & ATP-1
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Why does Carbon make four bonds?
because it wants four electrons in its outer most level.
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Name the function of the ER
Provides a large surface area for important chemical reactions.
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Name the function of the Golgi Apparatus
Packages and ships molecules throughout the cell.
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Name the function of the Lysosomes
Digests macromolecules.
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Name the function of Peroxisomes.
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
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Name the function of the Vaculoles
Large membrane enclosed sacs that are storage sites of food and water.
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Name the function of the Nuclear Membrane
Separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell.
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Name the function of the Mitochondrion
Makes energy and is involved with respiration.
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Name the function of the Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis.
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Name the function of the Ribosomes.
Takes RNA and makes into protein (Translation).
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Name the function of the Cytoskeleton.
Provides shape, support, and movement.
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Name the function of the Cilia and Flagella.
Involved with movement of a single cell or the enviroment.
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Name 6 ways to get through a membrane.
- Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Active Transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
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Name 2 functions of the membrane proteins.
Transport molecules across the membrane and they act as attachment points for other cells.
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Name 2 functions of the plasma membrane.
- Separates the contents of the cell from the external enviroment.
- Metabolic activities
- Transports molecules across the membrane
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Write the chemical equation of photosynthesis
Light + CO2 + H2O = Glucose & Oxygen
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What does RuBisCO do for the cell?
RuBisCo captures CO2 & combines it w/ Ribulose to make an unstable 6 carbon molecule.
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What do the photosystems do and where are they located?
They capture energy from light and are located in the Thylakoid Membrane.
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Name 2 difference between photosystems I & II.
- PS II splits water and occurs first.
- PSI makes NADPH and occurs second.
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Light-Capturing Events: The Details
- When a photon hits a pigment molcule, electrons are excited....
- Electrons moves on to make ATP, the Chlorophyll needs another electron so it breaks down water and steals its electron. (Releases oxygen)
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Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts
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What are the final products of Photosynthesis?
Oxygen & Glucose
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Name 2 things DNA accomplishes.
- Store Information
- Direct the synthesis of proteins
- Chemically change mutate genetic characteristic
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What 3 molecules make up nucleic acids?
- Sugar Molecules
- Phosphate Group
- Nitrogenous Base
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What does DNA polymerase do?
Polymerase builds new DNA strands
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What does helicase do?
Helicase separates double stranded DNA
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Name 2 differences between RNA and DNA
- DNA is double stranded and cannot leave the nucleus.
- RNA is single stranded and can leave the nucleus.
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What is transcription?
Transcription is the process where the information in DNA is copied into RNA.
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What is translation?
Translation is the process where RNA is turned into a protein.
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Where does transcription take place in the cell?
The Nucleus
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Name 3 types of RNA that participate in translation and describe what their function is?
- mRNA = Messenger (carries the recipe for making the protein)
- tRNA = Transfer (reads the codons and brings the correct amino acids)
- rRNA = Ribose RNA (used to read the recipe and build the amino acid chain)
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What do ribosomes do and where are they located in the cell?
Organelles that build proteins and they are located in the cytoplasm and the endoplasmic reticulum.
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What is the start codon and what amino acid does it code for?
The start codon is usually AUG and methionine.
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What are the nitrogenous base?
- Adenine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Uracil (RNA)
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Name 4 differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
- Mitosis:
- - One divison completes the process
- - Chromosomes do not synpase
- - Homologous chromosomes do not cross-over
- - Mitosis is the replacement of worn out cells and repairs.
- - Mitosis generates somatic cells.
- Meiosis:
- - Two divisons are required to complete the procress
- - Homologous chromosomes synpase- Homologous chromosomes cross-over
- - Daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells.
- - Meiosis generates sex cells.
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Describe the stages of Mitosis.
- Prophase - DNA visible, spindle fibers form
- Metaphase - Chromosomes allign at equitoral plate
- Anaphase - Chromotids pull forming 2 chromosomes.
- Telophase - spindle fibers break down and nuclear membrane starts to form.
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What is the function of the spindle fibers?
To separate chromatids and moves chromosomes around.
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What is cytokinesis?
Cell divison
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