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Plasma
Makes up 55% of blood
Liquid matrix of the blood
92% water - 8% ionic salts and organic molecules
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Functions of Blood
Transport O2, CO2, and nutrients
Defense against pathogens and blood loss
Regulation of body temperature and pH
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Salts
Help maintain osmotic pressure and pH
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Glucose and Amino Acids
Provide nutrients to cells
Organic molecules
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Urea
Nitrogenous Waste
Organic molecule
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Plasma Protiens
Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogin, Antibodies, and Hormones
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Albumin
Maintains osmotic pressure
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Globulins
Provide immunity
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Fibrinogin
Assists with clotting
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Hematopoisis
Formation of blood cells and platelets
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Multipotent Stem Cells
Red blood cells that differentiate into blood cells
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RBCs
4-5 million/mm
Each cell contains 200 million (Hg) hemoglobin molecules
Transport O2
No nucleus
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Oxyhemoglobin
Bright red
Hg that has combined with O2
Found in lungs
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Deoxyhemoglobin
Maroon color
Hg that is not combined with O2
Found in tissues
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WBCs
5,000-10,000/mm
Larger than RBCs
Fight infection and destroy dead and dying cells (kill cancer cells)
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Formation of RBCs
Erythropoietin stimulates mitosis of stem cells to speed up the production and maturation of RBCs
Released when RBCs are low (hemorrhage or disease)
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Formation of WBCs
Formed by stem cells in red bone marrow
Produce their own growth factor that circulates from the blood to the bone marrow to stimulate their own production
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2 Types of WBCs
Agranular (2 types)
Granular (3 types)
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Neutrophils
Most abundant of the WBCs
First to respond to infection (macrophages)
Granular Leukocyte
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Eosinophils
Respond to parasitic worm infections
Granular Leukocyte
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Basophils
Respond to allergens by releasing histamine and heparin
Granular Leukocyte
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Lymphocytes
B - produce antibodies against antigens
T - directly attack and destroy pathogens
Agranular Leukocyte
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Monocytes
Largest of WBCs
Reside in tissues
Phagocytize pathogens, old cells, and cellular debris
Stimulate other WBCs to defend the body
Agranular Leukocyte
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Platelets
150,000 - 300,000/mm
Fragments of cells
200 billion formed a day
no nucleus
live for only ten days unless they are used sooner
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Hemostasis
Cessation of bleeding
- 1 - tissue damage
- 2 - vascular spasm
- 3 - platelet plug formation
- 4 - coagulation begins
- - a - prethrombin activator
- - b - prethrommbin release
- - c - thrombin release
- - d - fibrinogen
- - e - fibrin
- - f - blood clot formation
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Capillary Exchange
1 - Arterial end - blood pressure highest
2 - Midsection and Capillary Bed - Diffusion is the greatest
3 - Venous end - osmotic pressure is the greatest
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Lymphatic Capillaries
System of one way vessels
Absorb excess tissue fluid at the site of blood capillaries
Intertwined with blood capillaries
Empty into the subclavian veins
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Edema
Localized swelling that occurs when tissue fluid accumulates in the body
Can be caused by increased capillary permiability, decreased tissue uptake, or increased venous pressure
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Agglutinination
Clumping of RBCs
Can be cause by transfusion of the wrong bllod type
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Antigen vs. Antibody
Antigen - forign substance
Antibody - protein produced in response to an antigen
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Type A blood
- A antigen
+ Anti-B antibodies
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Type B Blood
- B antigen
+ Antti-A antibodies
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Type O Blood
- O antigens
+Anti-A and B antibodies
Universal Donor
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Type AB Blood
- A or B antigens
+ no antibodies
Universal Recipient
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Autotransfusion
Transfusion with the persons own blood
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Rh Sensitivity
Occurs when a Rh - woman concieves a Rh + infant
Mother is given Rhogan injections
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Anemia
Low RBCs of insufficient Hg on the RBCs
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Sickle Cell
Hereditary disorder where the RBCs are "sickle shaped"
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Leukemia
Cancer with uncontrolled production of WBCs
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Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
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Hemoplilia
Deficient clotting
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CVA
Embolism in the brain
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Coronary Thrombus
Embolism that causes a heart attack
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Pulmonary Embolism
Embolism blocking the pulmonary artery
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Heme
Iron-containing protion of an Hg molecule
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Hemoglobin
12-15 grams/cubic mm
Pigment of red blood cells responsible for O2 transport
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Hematocrit
35-45% of blood
Formed elements of blood
RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets
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