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zoonoses
infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans
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bubonic plague incidence
- killed off 1/3 of world's population in 14th century
- rare today
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bubonic plague etiologic agent
yersinia pestis
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bubonic plague reservoir and transmission
- rodents and their fleas
- when rodent dies, fleas hop to nearest warm body
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bubonic plague clinical manifestations
bubonic plague - lymph nodes hemorrhage and form buboes, not communicable
pneumonic plague - bacteria enter the blood and lungs, communicable by respiratory route
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bubonic plague diagnosis
direct smear of material from the bubo - reacted with serum
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bubonic plague treatment
streptomycin - very effective if given in time
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bubonic plague prevention
- killed vaccine available - for laboratory personnel and people working in endemic areas
- prophylactic antibiotics
- surveillance of wild rodent population
- rodent extermination in residential areas
- avoid getting close or touching with rodents
- use insect repellent to prevent flea bites
- inspection of ships and harbor areas to prevent transport to new locations
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lyme disease outbreak investigation
- 2 concerned mothers reported cases of arthritis
- epidemiologists did surveillance - patients remembered tick bite
- penicillin and tetracycline improved condition - bacteria
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signs and symptoms associated with Lyme disease
- single red lesion that expanded to bullseye
- fever, chills, headache, stiff neck
- arthritis
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organism causing Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
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Lyme disease reservoir
- deer, field mice, woodrat
- ticks transmit by feeding on animals
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emergence of Lyme disease as a new disease
due to tremendous increase in the deer population because it is no longer hunted as much
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Lyme disease diagnosis
serological test with antibodies
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Lyme disease treatment
doxycycline and amoxicillin early can prevent late stages
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Lyme disease prevention
- preventing tick bites -
- over skin when walking through underbrush
- stick to cleared trail when hiking
- use insect repellent
- pregnant women should be careful
- vaccine
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toxoplasmosis etiology
toxoplasma gondii - protozoan
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toxoplasmosis reservoir and transmission
- cat
- definitive host - reproduces inside
- humans are intermediate host
- fecal-oral, cat's feces to human mouth
- humans become infected while cleaning cat litter, children playing in sandbox or dirt, or eating undercooked meat from infected animal
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toxoplasmosis clinical manifestations
- asymptomatic for most adults unless immunocompromised
- small children have fever, rash, pneumonia and encephalitis (infection of brain)
- most serious to fetuses, can cross the placenta and lead to hydrocephaly (fluid in brain), blindness, mental retardation
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toxoplasmosis diagnosis
- direct smear seed with microscope
- serological test
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toxoplasmosis treatment
sulfonamides and pyrimethamine
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toxoplasmosis prevention
- don't have a cat or have it go to the bathroom outside, be careful for contamination
- have a completely indoor cat
- keep cats from defecating where children play
- cook all meat thoroughly
- pregnant women should be especially careful
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rabies etiology
rabies virus - RNA
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rabies reservoir and transmission
- dogs and cats in developing countries
- wild animals in US- require vaccines
virus shed in saliva, transmitted in bites, bats-feces
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rabies clinical manifestations
- destroys nerve cells
- fever, nausea, vomiting
- agitation, spasms of throat muscles, frothing
- delirium, coma, death
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rabies diagnosis
- kill and make sections of animal's brain and react with labeled antibody, look for clusters of virus
- quarantine animal to see if signs develop
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rabies treatment
- passive immunization immediately around the wound
- vaccination to stimulate active immunity
- incubation period is long - vaccine still has time to work if given after exposure
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rabies prevention
- vaccination of dogs and cats
- vaccination of people with professional risk or travelers going to high incidence area
- vaccination and quarantine of imported animals
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