Phys 2- Test 1

effects the cell that produces it, no secretion

effects the cell that secretes it

effects neighboring cells

effects cell in a different location, travels thru the blood

secreted by neuron into the blood to a distant location

peptide like endocrine, released into ECF, creates concentration gradient

change in environment -> hormone secretion-> target cell -> restoration or homeostasis

• produced in RER
• 3+ amino acids
• water soluble
• activated by proteolytic cleavage
• signaled by cAMP and Ca+
• prohormone can be secreted then activated

• made from cholesterol
• rate limiting step- cholesterol into mitochondria
• made on demand
• lipid soluble- transported by globulins

steroid- cortisol

aldosterone- steroid

testosterone- steroids

estrone, estradiol- steroids

progesterone- steroid

cholesterols with a broken ring

• derived from tyrosine
• 1-2 amino acids
• thyroid hormones, catecholamines

• double tyrosine with iodine groups
• T3- thiiodonthyroninie
• T4- thyroxine
• lipid soluble
• transported by thyroxin binding globulin

• single tyrosine
• norepinephrine, epinephrine
• water soluble
• produced by adrenal medulla

• from polyunsaturated fatty acids
• inflammatory, immunity, CNS messengers
• Arachadonic acid- precursor

• increase/decrease amount of hormone circulating
• decrease/increase number of receptors on cell surface
• decrease/increase sensitivity of cell receptors

decrease of insulin receptors due to chronic high blood glucose

• oxitocin
• LH

• metabolic destruction by tissues
• binding to tissue
• recycled
• excretion by liver/bile/feces
• excretion by kidneys into urine
• protein-bound hormones cleared more slowly

secretory pulses that occur on a need basis

released once a day

• daily
• synchronizes with day night cycle

different than diurnal if you have sleep problems

different amounts of secretion depending on time of year

release occuring for 1 hour

release longer than once in 24 hours

in the cell nucleus

in the cell cytoplasm

increase in hormone causing a decrease in number of r/c or sensitivity of r/cs

decrease in hormone causing increase sensitivity or increase number of r/cs

• ion channel-linked r/cs- open/close ion channels with binding
• enzyme-linked r/cs- activates second messenger
• GTP binding linked- activates G protein, opens/closes ion channel

• fast
• amplification

• adenylate cyclase catalyzes ATP- cAMP
• guanylate cyclase catalyzes GMP- cGMP

• catalyzes protein kinases
• entry of Ca into cell

• catalyzes phospholipid breakdown
• produces IP3 and DAG

• mobilizes mitochondrial/ER calcium
• cell secretion of Ca

• activates kinase C
• prostaglandins

• r/c-hormone complex binds to DNA
• slow response
• causes transcription/translation

• binds to r/c
• causes hormone response

• binds to r/c
• blocks binding hormone/response

hormone response is less than full- dampened

act in different ways thru the same receptor

• due to damage of hormone producing gland
• due to genetic defects in hormonal production
• due to inactivating mutations

• gland overproducing hormone
• overproduction of tropic hormones from hypothalmus
• activation mutations- cell surface abnormalities

alteration in r/c number and function

• oxytocin
• antidiuretic hormone

somatropes -> growth hormone -> cell growth

thyrotropes (lactotropes) -> thyroid stimulating hormone -> thyroid gland -> T3, T4 -> metabolic activation

corticotropes -> adrenocorticotrope hormone -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol, (nor)epinephrin, aldosterone

secretion peaks before waking

gonadotropes -> LH, FSH -> gonads -> sex hormones

lactotropes -> prolactin -> breast development and milk production

• controls water concentration
• increase with concentration, decrease with dilution
• decreased blood volume = increase ADH

• diabetes insipidus
• body cant concentrate urine
• could also be caused by insensitivity of kidneys to ADH

• SIADH
• too much water retention
• looks like decreased Na retention, but actually diluted

• increased urination
• nocturia
• enuresis
• increased thirst
• increased fluid consuption
• dehydration

• hypothalamic hypophysial portal system
• -superior hypophyseal artery

5 cell types, 6 hormones

• stimulates iodine uptake
• synthesis thyroid hormones and release
• increases thyroid size

• maturation of sperm
• follical secretion of estrogen
• positive feed back

• pituitary tumor
• women have menstral dysfunction
• men have decreased testosterone

• benign pituitary tumor
• produces prolactin

• increases protein synthesis
• increases metabolization of FA
• decreases rate of glucose and carb use
• stimulates cartilage and bone growth

JAK/STAT

• panhypopituitaryism- decreases all ant. pituitary hormones
• Dwarfism

• panhypopituitaryism
• GH defiency
• somatomedian C defiencey with normal GH

• giantism- GH cell tumor
• acromegaly- thick bones and soft tissue

• synthesizes and secretes melatonin
• regulates gonadal function and chronobiologic rhythms
• tryptophan -> serotonin -> melatonin

• inhibited by light exposure to eyes
• seasonal light changes effect levels
• plays a role in abnormal sleep
• immune system stimulant

• follicular cells- secrete T3 and T4
• parafollicular cells- secretes calcitonin

glycoprotein, stores tyrosine and iodine to make T3 and T4

• if you have low levels of iodine
• cant make thyroid hormone
• wont initiate negative feedback
• high levels of TSH

via TPO (thyroid peroxidase)

• colloids of thyroid hormone taken into follicular cells
• droplets fuse with lysosomes
• hydrolosis of thyroglobulin to release T3 and T4
• T4 converted to T3

deiodinase- also allows for iodine recycling

thyroxine binding globulin

T4- stays in system longer, acts as a resovior

• insomnia due to overstimulation of CNS and MS systems
• thyroid storm
• graves disease
• AIDS

• hypersomnia- extreme fatigue
• Hashimoto's thyroditis
• postoperative hypothyroidism

thiocyanate ions decrease iodide trapping- competative inhibitor

• poor muscle tone
• fatigue
• cold intolerance
• weight gain
• depression
• slow heart rate
• anemia

• tachycardia
• fever
• weight loss
• heat intolerance
• protusion of eyeball

• congential lack of thyroid gland
• genetic defect

• organic made first
• then inorganic hydroxyapatite- salt deposits of Ca and Ph

• collagen fibers
• hydroxyapitite

• osteoblasts- secrete collagen and ground substance
• collagen monomers- make osteoid bone
• calcium salts precipitate- allowed in bone b/c pyrophostphate is neutralized

in the bone

• deposited by osteoblasts
• removed by osteoclasts- controled by PTH

• muscle contraction, hemostasis, NT
• can't be absorbed without Vitamin D

• ATP, 2nd messenger, DNA, RNA
• inorganic phosphate (Pi) inversely related to Ca

• controlled by PTH
• low Ca concentration- more Ca reabsorbed
• low Pi concentration- more Pi reabsorbed

Vitamin D and PTH increase calcium reabsorption by the gut, kidney, and bone

decreases amount of Ca in ECF by putting it in the bones (only in kids)

• activates osteoclast activity
• activates reabsorption of Ca
• inhibits reabsorption of Pi

causes hypercalcemia/osteopurosis due to too much osteoclast activity releasing Ca into the ECF

causes hypocalcemia which causes tetany becuase it increases the threshold of neurons making them easier to fire

binds to IP3, decreasing the amount of PTH, decreasing the amount of calcium reabsorbed

binds to cAMP causing increased PTH causing increased Ca reabsorption

• ostoclasts become inactive
• bones remain strong
• low Ca in ECF

• extreme osteoclast activity
• kidney stones
• more Ca reabsorbed, less Pi reabsorbed

depression

elecated PTH due to hypocalcemia (binds to cAMP, increases PTH)

• produced by parafollicular cells
• treatment for osteopurosis
• decreases Ca in EFC
• overridden by PTH

• increasess absorption of Ca and Pi into ECF
• increases Ca and Pi absorption from GI

by PTH in the kidneys

• inversely by Ca levels
• low Ca-> increased PTH -> more converted to active Vit D

• lack of sun/diet vitamin D
• weakens bones, leads to tetany and death

defiency of Ca or vitamin D

imparied renal function, cant convert vit D to active form

• vitamin D resistant rickets
• defect in kidney hydroxylase enzyme

• diminished bone matrix
• osteoblastic activity normal
• excess osteoclast activity
• due to inactivity, malnutrition, vit D deficency, old age