-
Three uses of diuretics include
treatment of hypertension, mobilization of edematous fluid, prevention of renal failure
-
What is the is the principal mineralocorticoid of the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
-
Aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of _______from the ______
-
Most diuretics share the same basic mechanism of action; they
block sodium and chloride reabsorption
-
The greatest diuresis is produced by drugs that
have a site of action that is early in the nephron
-
Adverse effects on the extracellular fluid caused by
diuretics include _______________, _______________, and
________________________.
- hypovolemia,
- acid-base imbalance,
- disturbance of electrolyte levels
-
The four major categories of diuretic drugs are
- high-ceiling (loop) diuretics,
- thiazide diuretics,
- osmotic diuretics,
- potassium-sparing diuretics
-
Situations that require rapid or massive mobilization of fluid are usually treated with
furosemide
-
The most widely used thiazide diuretic is
hydrochlorothiazide
-
the primary indication for use of hydrochlorothiazide is
Hypertension
-
The potassium-sparing diuretics have recently been found to have a positive effect on the treatment of
Heart Failure
-
Mannitol promotes diuresis by
creating an osmotic force in the lumen of the nephron
-
Patients who should use thiazide diuretics with caution include
- those with:
- cardiovascular disease,
- renal impairment,
- diabetes mellitus,
- a history of gout,
- taking digoxin,
- taking lithium,
- taking antihypertensive drugs,
- who are pregnant,
- who are breast-feeding
-
Maintenance of fluid volume and osmolality is primarily the job of the
kidneys
-
Volume contraction is defined as a ____________ in total body water;
decrease
-
volume expansion is defined as a(n)_____________ in total body water.
Increase
-
The normal plasma sodium content is
135 to 145 mEq/L
-
When a patient experiences a decrease in the total volume of extracellular fluid and no change occurs in osmolality, the situation is referred to as
isotonic contraction
-
A patient with a lack of aldosterone is most likely to develop which disorder of fluid volume and osmolality?
hypotonic contraction
-
Use of which drug(s) is most likely to cause respiratory alkalosis?
aspirin and other salicylates
-
In most cases, metabolic alkalosis can be corrected by
infusing a solution of sodium chloride plus potassium chloride
-
In the presence of extracellular alkalosis, potassium uptake by cells is enhanced, causing
Hypokalemia
-
Extracellular acidosis promotes the exit of potassium from cells, thereby causing
Hyperkalemia
-
Symptoms of mild intoxication of magnesium include
- hypotension,
- sedation,
- electrocardiographic changes
-
At higher intoxication concentrations of magnesium symptoms include
- respiratory paralysis,
- cardiac arrest
-
Intravenous (IV) solutions of potassium chloride
must be diluted to ______________ and infused _____________________.
- 40 mEq/L,
- slowly (generally no faster than 10 mEq/hr in adults)
-
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes result from a combination of _________ and__________.
- insulin resistance,
- impaired insulin secretion
-
The acute complications seen in patients with type 1 diabetes are __________ and __________.
- hyperglycemia,
- hypoglycemia
-
What is the major cause of blindness among American adults.
Diabetes
-
Diabetes that appears during pregnancy is referred to as
gestational diabetes
-
What is now the standard way to monitor diabetes therapy
Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels
-
What is an index of average glucose levels over the preceding 2 to 3 months.
Glycated hemoglobin HbA1c
-
What is prepared by conjugating regular insulin with protamine, thereby causing a delayed action and extended action
NPH neutral promazine Hagedorn insulin
-
Which type of insulin may be administered intravenously?
Regular
-
Hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level of less than
50 mg/dL
-
Which drug discussed, promotes water retention and can cause weight gain and edema?
rosiglitazone
-
The three principal actions of thyroid hormones are to
- stimulate energy use,
- stimulate the heart,
- promote growth and development
-
Thyroid hormones are eliminated primarily by_______metabolism
Hepatic
-
Hypothyroidism can occur at any age. In the adult, mild deficiency of thyroid hormone is referred to as
Hypothyroidism
-
severe deficiency of thyroid hormone in adults is called
myxedema
-
When hypothyroidism occurs in infancy, the resulting condition is called
cretinism
-
The clinical presentation of cretinism includes the development of _________ and _______.
- mental retardation,
- derangement of growth
-
A child with cretinism develops
- a large protruding tongue,
- a potbelly,
- a dwarfish stature
-
A child with cretinism causes Development of the
what to be impaired
- nervous system,
- bones,
- teeth,
- muscles
-
What is the most common cause of excessive thyroid hormone secretion.
Graves Disease
-
For the treatment of Graves’ disease what is used
propranolol
-
Propranolol is used as an
adjunctive therapy to suppress tachycardia by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the heart
-
What can be used to treat severe exophthalmos
oral glucocorticoids
-
The most serious toxicity associated with the use of propylthiouracil is
agranulocytosis
-
The advantages of treatment with iodine-131 include
- It is inexpensive;
- patients are spared the risks,
- discomfort, and expense of thyroid surgery;
- death from iodine-131 treatment has never occurred nor is it ever likely to occur;
- no tissue other than the thyroid is injured
-
Patients taking iodine-131 should be told that responses usually take __________ to develop fully.
2 to 3 months
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