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What are the four regions of the Fallopian tube
- Infadibulum (distal end w/fimbrae)
- Ampulla (fertilization zone)
- Isthmus (narrow portion)
- Intramural region (opens to uterus)
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What are the layers of the fallopian tube
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What are the different names for the fallopian tubes
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The mucosa of the fallopian tube is made up of what type of cells
- Ciliated columnar cells
- Non-ciliated columnar cells
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What is found in the muscularis layer of the fallopian tube
Thick layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers
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What is the serosa of the fallopian tube made up of
Peritoneum made of mesothelium and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
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What do the non ciliated columnar cells produce in the mucosa of the fallopian tube
Nutritive materials which provide protection for the ovum and facilitate capacitation of sperm
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What are the roles of ciliated columnar cells in the fallopian tubes
They beat towards the uterus and are influenced by hormonal secretion
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What are the layers of the Uterus
- Endometrium (inside layer)
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
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What are the two layers of the Endometrium
- Stratum functionalis
- Stratum basalis
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What is found in the Functionalis layer of the Endometrium
- Simple columnar cells
- Lamina propria
- - Tubular glands pass through
- - Spiral arteries termiate here in a capillary network
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What is found in the Basalis layer of the Endometrium
- Basalis layer lies below the functionalis layer
- Contains the beginning of the tubular glands
- Straight arteries arise here from arcuate arteries
- Spiral arteries begin here
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What is found in the myometrium of the uterus
- This is the thick muscular layer conataining three muscle layers
- Inner and outer longitudinal covering the middle circular layer
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What is significant about the middle layer of muscle in the myometrium
It is circular, highly vascularized, and contains the acruate arteries
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What is the difference in the layout of cells in the myometrium near the cervix
It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibers and scattered smooth muscle
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What is the perimetrium and how does it differ depending on location
This is the outer covering of the uterus and is covered by serosa at the body and fundus of the uterus, and by adventitia on the anterior portion of the uterus
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What is shed in a menstrual cycle
Functionalis layer while the basalis layer remains intact
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What is the normal amount of blood lost in a menstruation
35 ml
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What happens to the lining of the uterus just prior to menstuation
2 days before the bleeding stage the spiraled arteries become permanantly constricted reducing oxygen flow to the functionalis causing necrosis to the functionalis layer
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What causes patches of functionalis to sloff off
Spiral arteries become dilated discharging blood and removal of remaining functionalis layer (this is what is known as the 1st day of menstruation)
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What stimulates the rebuilding of the endometrium
Estrogen
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What is the proliferative phase
This begins when menstruation flow ceases and continues until day 14 rebuilding the Endometrium with new glands, and arteries
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How thick is the functionalis layer
- 2-3 mm (following proliferative phase)
- 5-6 mm (following secretory phase)
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What is the secretory phase
This stage begins after ovulation and triggers the thickening of the functionalis layer via an increase in vascularity, edema, and accumulation of glycogen secretions in the endometrial glands
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Implantation of the blastocyst occurs when
About day 20
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What hormone induces the secretory phase
Progesterone
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What happens to the stromal cells (endometrial cells) after implantation
They undergo transformation into decidual cells which are large pale cells rich in glycogen
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What is the lumen of the cervix lined by
Simple columnar mucus secreting epithelium
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What glands create the secretion from the cervix, and what do they secrete
- Branched cervical glands
- Serous fluid & viscous fluid
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What is the purpose of the cervix secretions
- Serous - allows sperm to enter
- Viscous - forms a plug in the cervix
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What is the role of relaxin on the cervix
Prior to parturition (delivery) it destroys the collagen in the cervix preparing for expansion
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Nabothian cysts
Obstructed cervical glands resulting in retention of secretions and cyst formation
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What does cervical cancer often start with
Metaplasia in the transformation zone of the cervix
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What are the layers of the vagina
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia
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What is the vagina lined by
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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What cells in the epithelium of the vagina act as antigen presenting cells
Langerhans cells presenting to T cells located in the inguinal lymph nodes
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What stimulates the epithelium in the uterus to synthesize and secrete large amounts of glycogen
Estrogen
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What causes the lower pH of the vagina giving it protection from bacteria
Cells slough off the vagina releasing glycogen which is converted to lactic acid by bacteria
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How is the vagina lubricated
From glands of the cervix
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What is found in the lamina propria of the vagina
Loose fibroelastic connective tissue with many lymphocytes, neutrophils, and a rich blood supply
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What is in the muscularis layer of the vagina
- Inner circular muscle
- Outer longitudinal muscle
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The adventitia of the vagina is what type of tissue
Fibroelastic connective tissue
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What causes the Areola to become more pigmented
Pregnancy
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Mammary glands are composed of
Tubuloalveolar glands consisting of 15-20 lobes
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Mothers milk contains what important contents
- Protein
- Lipids
- Lactose
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Antibodies
- Fat soluble vitamins
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What causes the mammary glands to develop in pregnancy
Estrogen and progesterone
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What are the small ducts leading to the lactiferous ducts lined by
Simple columnar epithelium
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Lactiferous ducts and sinuses are lined by
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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During pregnancy the breast become filled with what unique substance
Colostrum - protein fluid rich in antibodies
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What hormone activates secretion of milk
Prolactin
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The alveoli of the mammary glands are surrounded by
Myoepithelial cells
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Lipids and proteins are released in the cells of the mammary glands via what processes
- Lipids - Apocrine secretion
- Proteins - Merocrine secretion
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