Exam 2

1.
If you were to move from around
sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would respond with

1.
The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to

1.
A waste product of respiration is

1.
When you exhale, you

1.
The body structure where gas exchange occurs is called the

1.
Animals that effectively use their body surface for gas exchange must

1.
Which of the following organisms has a respiratory system that does not
require a circulatory system?

1.
Which of the following is likely to have the lowest concentration of O2?

1.
The organization of blood and water flow in a fish's gills increases the
fish's ability to

1.
The chief advantage of gas exchange in water is that

1.
Which of the following statements regarding breathing and circulation is
false?

1.
Which of the following statements is false?

1.
What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out
of the lungs?

1.
Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across

1.
Inhalation in humans is achieved by

1.
Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?

1.
Air leaving human lungs during exhalation contains

1.
In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to

1.
Oxygen is mostly transported through the body

1.
Most CO2 is transported to the lungs

At which
point is oxygen-rich blood traveling through a vein?

1. Which of the following statements regarding
circulatory systems is true?

A circulatory system is necessary in any animal

1.
The two basic types of circulatory systems that have evolved over time
are

1.
Which of the following is characteristic of the circulatory system of
arthropods?

1.
Adaptation to terrestrial life required major evolutionary changes, not
just in the respiratory system, but also in the

1.
Which of the following animals has a single circuit of blood flow and
two heart chambers?

1.
In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood
from the lung back to the heart?

1.
From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the

1.
During ventricular systole, the ________ valves ________.

1.
The location of the heart's pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac
muscle called the

1.
Which of the following is the cause of 40% of all deaths in the United
States?

1.
Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

1.
In humans, which blood vessels have valves?

1.
As blood moves away from the heart, the relative size and number of
blood vessels ________, the blood pressure ________, and the velocity of blood
flow ________.

1.
Which kind of vessel has the lowest blood velocity?

1.
The diameter of a capillary is about the same as that of

1.
The liquid part of blood is called

1. Which of these statements about
erythrocytes is true?

1.
What is the most common cause of anemia?

1.
Multipotent stem cells

1.
Stem cell research may eventually result in a cure for blood cell
diseases, such as

1. Use the following diagram to answer the
questions:



1.
Which part of this figure depicts
a venule?

1.
Which part of this figure depicts a vein?

1.
Which part of this figure depicts a capillary bed?

1.
The body's innate defenses against infection include

1.
What substance, produced by virus-infected cells, diffuses to
neighboring cells to help them fight a viral infection?

1.
Which of the following helps activate our nonspecific (innate) defense
system?

1.
The human lymphatic system consists of all of the following structures except
the

1.
Antibodies are

1.
A substance that can elicit an immune response is called

1.
The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

1.
The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of
________ immunity.

1.
Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated
immunity?

1.
A primary immune response is

1.
The secondary immune response occurs when memory cells bind to

1.
Complement can be activated by

1.
________ can destroy infected cells.

1.
Which of the following types of cells does HIV preferentially infect?

1.
HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to
develop resistance to antivirals because

1.
Thermoregulation, an important part of homeostasis, is defined as

1.
Animals that maintain internal body temperature using heat generated by
their own metabolism are called

1.
Which of the following physiological responses occurs in the human body
when it becomes overheated?

1.
To enhance heat loss, humans sweat, an adaptation known as

1.
Marine animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal
to that of the surrounding seawater are

1.
Which of the following statements regarding freshwater fish is true?

1.
To conserve precious salts, freshwater fish

1.
Which of the following statements regarding saltwater fish is true?

1.
Which of the following by-products of metabolism is most toxic?

1.
Which of the following kinds of animals excrete their nitrogenous waste
entirely as ammonia?

1.
What is the advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste in the form of
ammonia?

1.
The land animals that evolved from earlier aquatic forms had to change
their mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous wastes because

1.
Which of the following statements about uric acid is true?

1.
What is the name of the functional unit of the kidney?

1.
Through which of the following structures does urine leave the bladder?

1.
Which of the following options correctly lists the structures in the
kidney in the order in which fluid flows through them?

1.
During filtration in the glomerulus, which of the following will enter
Bowman's capsule from the bloodstream?

1.
Secretion is the movement of substances such as glucose, amino acids,
ions, and vitamins from the ________ into the ________.

1.
During production of urine, a major function of the kidney is

1.
Water moves out of filtrate in the nephron tubule into the interstitial
fluid by

1.
Where along the nephron is glucose reabsorbed from the filtrate back
into the blood?

1.
When a salmon leaves the river and moves out to sea, you would expect
________ to enter its body by osmosis and excess ________ to be pumped out.