Bio Exam 2

Sun => photosynthesis => carbs/fats/proteins (foods) =>Cellular Respiration => ATP

• 1) reactants possess less energy than products
• 2) reactants possess more energy than products

ATP is the fuel used to perform cellular work such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling (your brain) and staying warm (we are warm blooded). ATP use is directly related to metabolism. The higher your metabolism, the more ATP your body will use, and the more calories you will need to eat. The easiest way to think about this is physical activity: if you exercise your body will need extra food (sugars/calories) to fuel your muscles. In your muscles, mitochondria will use sugars/fats to produce ATP for contraction. a consequence of making ATP is O2 use and CO2production. You can measure metabolism by measuring CO2 output because it is directly related to ATP production.

CO₂, sunlight, freedom from pests, water, nutrients from soil, as well as glucose and O₂ since plants also undergo cellular respiration to make ATP.

• 1) to attract pollinators
• 2) to assist in seed dispersal
• 3) Stamen = male reproductive organ (pollen is equivalent to sperm), Carpel = female reproductive organ (seed is equivalent to sperm) and insects transport pollen from stamen to carpel. Some flowers have both male and female reproductive organs.

• seed coat = protection
• endosperm = nutrients
• germ = embryo

H₂O + CO₂ => Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + O₂

in chloroplasts, which are small organelles found inside plant cells and some bacterial cells. Plants exchange gases (CO₂ and O₂) through openings in the leaves called stomata

• 1) they use pigments like chlorophyll
• 2) shlorophyll absorbs blue and red light, but reflects green light

because as the days get shorter it becomes too expensive for plants to make chlorophyll. Without chlorophyll, other pigments are now visible and these pigments tend to absorb blues and reflect yellows, oranges, and reds

light is absorbed by chlorophyll and the light energy is converted to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH. Both ATP and NADPH will be used in the Calvin Cycle to produce glucose. H₂O is split into H and O₂; the O₂ is released.

The process uses the energy (ATP and NADPH) produced in the light reactions to drive the Calvin Cycle.

they use it for things like (1) starch - a storage form of sugar and (2) cellulose (cell walls) and (3) oils.

• 1) small leaves to limit water loss through the leaves
• 2) converting leaves to thorns to prevent animals from stealing their stored water
• 3) opening stomata at night and closing during the day to prevent water loss during the hottest part of the day
• 4) water storage, storing large amounts of water to survive long periods of no rain

the set of reactions in our bodies that use energy. Cells get their energy from the foods we eat (carbs, fats and proteins)

this is how cells (all cells including bacteria, fungi, plants and animals), make ATP from sugars (and fats and proteins). Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + O₂ => H₂O + CO₂. Energy released by breaking the bonds in glucose is used to make ATP. ADP + P => ATP

activity requires more ATP, to make ATP, cells need more glucose and more O. To get these molecules to cells, your breathing rate and heart rate will increase

inflammation constricts the airways

takes place in the cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondria (Kreb's cycle and electron transport)

converts glucose (6C) to pyruvate (3C) breaking a bond in glucose releases energy that is used to make ATP

Converts pyruvate (3C) to carbon dioxide (1C). Breaking the bonds in pyruvate releases energy that is used to make ATP. The production of ATP is like water flowing through a dam to turn a turbine to produce electricity or wind turning a windmill to make electricity

sarcomeres shorten = contraction

thus, increased physical activity will require more ATP to make ATP, cells need a food source (sugars or fats) and O₂. Breathing rate and heart rate increase in order to carry these molecules to muscle cells

• 1) 0-10 seconds: Creatine Phosphate and stored ATP.
• 2) Seconds to minutes: Glucose (glycogen) used to fuel glycolysis and anaerobic respiration. Breathing rate increases slower than the need for ATP. Thus, much of the energy used during the first minutes of exercise is produced by anaerobic respiration, which does not use O₂.
• 3) Minutes to Hours: Glucose and Fats are used to fuel aerobic respiration. Breathing rate has increased to meet O₂ demands. Fats can only be used to fuel aerobic respiration. Thus, in order to burn fat, you must exercise for >15 minutes and exercise must be aerobic

anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of O. In yeast, anaerobic respiration results in the production of alcohol (fermentation). This is the basis for making beer and wine.

produced by cellular respiration and can cause cellular damage and aging. Anti-oxidants such as vitamin C help eliminate free radicals and are thought to protect cells from oxidative damage.