Pulmonology 2

Radiographic findings include infiltrates in mid or lower lung fields, hilar adenopathy, cavitation

Cough, weight loss, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, fatigue, decreased appetite, chest pain can be the clinical presentation of _____

CXR with upper lobe infiltrates, particularly the apical and posterior segments, cavitation common

PCO2

percent of CO2 carried in the plasma

the faster and more deeply the patient breaths the

as CO2 levels increase

as CO2 levels increase

a rise in PCO2 stimulates a rise in

in metabolic acidosis the lungs attempt to compensate by

in metabolic alkalosis the lungs attempt to compensate by

Most of the CO2 content in the blood is

Bicarbonate ion

CO2 content is an indirect measurement of

_____ is a measurement of the metabolic (renal) component of the acid-base equilibrium

in respiratory alkalosis the _____ excrete HCO3 in an attempt to lower pH

the measure of the tension of O2 dissolved in the plasma

patients in whom venous blood mixes prematurely with arterial blood have a decrease in ____

the indication of the percentage of hemoglobin filled with O2

when ___% to 100% of the hemoglobin carries O2 the tissues are adequately provided with O2

non-invasive method of determining O2 saturation

a negative base excess indicates

a positive base excess indicates

acidosis is present if the pH is less than

alkalosis is present if the pH is greater than

if the PCO2 is low in a patient who has been said to have acidosis the patient has

if the PCO2 is high in a patient who has been said to have acidosis the patient has

if the PCO2 is low in a patient who has been said to have alkalosis the patient has

if the PCO2 is high in a patient who has been said to have alkalosis the patient has

O2 saturation can be falsely increased by the inhalation of

In patients with COPD the stimulus to breathe is not triggered by CO2 levels but by

Perform which test before performing an arterial puncture in the radial artery

low pH, low HCO3-, low CO2

low pH, high HCO3-, high CO2

high pH, high HCO3-, high CO2

high pH, low HCO3-, low CO2

pH <7.4

pH >7.4

normal pCO2

normal HCO3-

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if bicarb is low you expect pCO2 to be

if pCO2 is high you expect bicarb to be

example of cause of non-anion gap metabolic acidosis

example of cause of anion gap metabolic acidosis

non-anion gap metabolic acidosis is characterized by

anion gap metabolic acidosis is characterized by

normal Cl- is

normal BUN is

normal glucose

normal creatinine

normal K

normal Na

normal anion gap

normal osmolality

primary etiology of respiratory acidosis

example of a cause of metabolic alkalosis

example of a cause of metabolic alkalosis

in a metabolic alkalotic state will you have hypokalemia or hyperkalemia

in a metabolic acidotic state will you have hypokalemia or hyperkalemia

primary etiology of respiratory alkalosis

in acute respiratory acidosis for every increase of pCO2 of 10mm pH decreases by

in chronic respiratory acidosis for every increase of pCO@ of 10mm, ph decreases by

in acute respiratory alkalosis for every decrease of pCO2 of 10mm pH increases by

in chronic respiratory alkalosis for every decrease of pCO2 of 10mm pH increases by

a pH which is too acid for the PCO2

the only acid which can be exhaled via the lungs

includes all of the body's acids except carbon dioxide

difference between the sum of the major anions and the major cations

_____ is the same as Respiratory Acidosis

The normal value of pCO2 in arterial blood is __mmHg

implies a raised [H+] level with a normal PCO2

high PCO2 causes molecules of CO2 and water to form carbonic acid which ionizes to increase both [HCO3-] and [H+]

hematocrit >60

increases blood viscosity

idiopathic recurrent alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

disease of children or young adults characterized by recurrent pulmonary hemorrhage

pulmonary hypertension is characterized by elevated mean pulmonary pressure of greater than __mmHg at rest

patients with pulmonary hypertension also have

the most common secondary cause of pulmonary hypertension

this should be performed in all patients suspected of pulmonary hypertension

median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension ____ years

a proximal DVT is above the _____

stasis, hypercoagulability, venous injury

a break down product of a thrombus

characteristic of d-dimer

d-dimer is best for _______ DVT, or PE

gold standard for suspected DVT, however it is rarely done

most common and practical means of detecting DVT

for a patient with DVT treat with ____ for about 5 days

for a patient with DVT treat with ____ for at least 3 months

Increased bioavailability, Once or twice daily subcutaneous delivery, Monitoring not generally required, Outpatient therapy facilitated, Lower rate of HIT

Dyspnea 73%,Pleuritic CP 66%, Cough 37%, Leg swelling 28%,Leg pain 26%, Hemoptysis 13%

Tachycardia 70%, Tachypnea 30%, Crackles 51%, Loud P2 23%, Diaphoresis 11%, Hypotension 8%

most common test for PE

gold standard for PE but rarely done

noninvasive method of monitoring SaO2

Fetal oxygen saturation monitoring

Normal oxygen saturation for baby in the womb is between 30% and ___%

the amount of light absorbed by oxygen-saturated hemoglobin is measured by the sensor to determine saturation levels

a machine that can measure air volumes

in spirometry values greater than __% of predicted values are considered normal

most labs use _____ to measure diffusing capacity because of its great affinity for hemoglobin

amount of air that can be forcefully expelled from a maximally inflated lung position

volume of air expelled during the first second of FVC

in restrictive lung disease ______ should be measured

maximal rate of air flow through the pulmonary tree during forced expiration

MMEF volumes are lower than expected in

MMEF volumes are normal in

maximal volume of air a patient can breath in and out during 1 minute

MVV is less than the predicted value in

volume of air inspired and expired with each normal respiration

maximal volume of air that can be inspired from end of normal inspiration

maximal volume of air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

volume of air remaining in the lungs following forced expiration

maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal expiration

amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration

maximal amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration

volume to which lungs can be expanded with greatest inspiratory effort

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a minute

Part of VT that does not participate in alveolar gas exchange

Portion of air flow curve most affected by airway obstruction

flow rate of inspired air during maximum inspiration. indicates large airway disease

maximum airflow rate during forced expiration

typically used to detect the presence of hyperactive airway disease

highlighted by perialveolar inflammation followed by fibrosis

Patients with COPD can be expected to have increased ______

these patients have reduced lung volumes, impaired diffusing capacity, and exercise-induced hypoxemia

post-pneumonectomy no changes in ______ would be expected

What studies are indicated in any person who snore's excessively; experiences narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleeping, or insomnia

includes insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy and RLS

includes sleep walking, sleep talking, sleep terrors, REM disorders

the most common type of sleep apnea

obstructive sleep apnea is caused by relaxation of the

____ sleep apnea is characterized by a simple cessation of breathing

frequent and irreversible need for sleep during daytime hours

acute sensation of discomfort during periods of inactivity making sleep difficult

causes patients to act out their dreams, these patients can vividly recall dreams

inability to sleep

most common form of sleep disorder

in spirometry ____ impairments are defined by a low FEV1 and a low FEV1/FVC%

in spirometry _____ impairments are characterized by a proportional decrease in FEV1 and FVC, leading to a preserved FEV1/FVC%

_____ impairments will have a flattened flow-volume loop

disease associated with increased elastic recoil

diseases associated with increased elastic recoil are associated with _____ FRC

disease associated with decreased elastic recoil

diseases associated with decreased elastic recoil are associated with _____ FRC

extrinsic cause of restrictive lung disorder

Pulse oximetry is not accurate in using to titrate O2 therapy in

pulse oximetry of <___% at rest required for O2 therapy

low DLCO with restriction can be seen in

low DLCO with obstruction can be seen in

low DLCO with normal spirometry can be seen in

This test records several body functions during sleep

Used for quick relief of asthma symptoms no matter the classification

used daily for long term control of asthma in all classifications except mild intermittent

potent bronchodilators that are the drug of choice for mild intermittent asthma

onset of action 5-30 minutes, with relief for 4-6 hours

drug of choice for acute anaphylaxis

Beta 2 agonists have no anti-inflammatory effects and therefore

albuterol

terbutaline

all patients with asthma should be prescribed a

salmeterol

xinafoate

formoterol

have slower onset of action and should not be used for quick relief of asthma symptoms

considered to be useful adjunctive therapy for attaining asthma control

drug of first choice for any degree of persistent asthma

patients achieving ____ consecutive months of improved asthma control may be considered for a reduction in inhaled corticosteroid dosing

targets underlying airway inflammation

patients with severe exacerbation of asthma may require

severe exacerbation of asthma

____ decrease the deposition of drug in the mouth caused by improper inhaler technique