-
hypophosphatemia
- irritability
- bleeding
- inflammation
- bone and muscle pain
- infection risk
- numbness
- generalized weakness
-
hyperphosphatemia
- cardiac irregularities
- hyperreflexia
- eating poorly
- muscle weakness
- positive Trousseau's and Chvosteks signs
- visual impairment
-
hypomagnesemia
- seizures
- tetany
- anorexia and arrythmias
- rapid heart rate
- vomiting
- emotional liability
- deep tendon reflexes increased
-
hypermagnesemia
- reflexes decreased
- ECG changes bradycardia and hypotension
- nausea and vomiting
- apperance flushed
- lethargy, drowsiness and coma
-
hyponatremia
- rapid pulse
- apprehension
- dizziness
- abdominal cramping
- tachycardia
- cool, clammy skin
- muscle weakness
- headache
- increased GI motility
- nausea, diarrhea
-
hypernatremia
- diminished cardiac output
- pulmonary edema
- extreme thirst
- dry and flushed skin
- dry sticky tongue
- agitation, confusion, lethargy
- weakness and muscle twitching
- dry skin
- decreased urine output
-
hypokalemia
- weak, thready pulse
- muscle weakness
- decreased bowel sounds
- ventricular dysrhythmias
- decreased breath sounds
- shallow resp
- lethargy, weakness, confusion, coma
- decreased GI motility
- polyuria
- dilute urine
-
hyperkalemia
- irreg HR, often slow
- anxiety
- abdominal cramps
- peaked T waves on ECG
- hypotension
- irritability
- muscle twitches, tetany, seizures
- positive Trousseaus and Chvostek's signs
- increased GI motility
-
hypocalcemia
- decreased heart rate
- numbness and tingling of fingers
- muscle cramps
- decreased cardiac output
- hypotension
- irritability
- muscle twitches, tetany, seizures
- positive Trousseaus and Chvostek's signs
- increased GI motility
-
hypercalcemia
- changes in HR and BP
- anorexia
- hypoactive reflexes
- flank pain
- decreased level of consciousness
- decreased coagulation
- decreased respiration
- muscle weakness
- increased urine production
- decreased GI motility
-
hypochloridemia
- agitation, irritability
- hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and tetany
- muscle cramps and hypertonicity
- slow, shallow respirations and weakness
- seizures and coma
- arrythmias
-
Respiratory acidosis
- confusion
- dizziness
- lethargy
- headache
- warm flushed skin
- muscular twitching
- PH<7.35
- PaCO2>45mm Hg
- PaO2 <80 mm Hg
- HCO3 >26
-
Respiratory alkalosis
- dizziness
- confusion
- tachypnea tingling of extremities
- pH>7.45
- PaCO2 <35 mm Hg
- HCO3 <22
-
metabolic acidosis
- headache
- lethargy
- confusion
- tachypenea with deep respirations
- abdominal cramps
- flushed skin
- pH <7.35
- PaCO2 normal
- HCO3 <22
-
metabolic alkalosis
- dizziness
- dsrhythmias
- numbness
- tingling fingers and toes
- muscle cramps
- pH>7.45
- PaCO2 normal
- HCO3 >26
-
Acute hemolytic reaction
- Stop transfusion
- treat shock
- obtain blood samples
- send urine sample to lab
- insert indwelling cath
-
Febrile nonhemolytic
- stop transfusion
- give antipyretics as prescribed
- DO NOT RESTART TRANSFUSION
-
Mild allergic reaction
- give antihistamine as directed
- do not restart transfusion if fever or pulmonary symptoms develop
-
anaphylactic
- Stop transfusion
- initiate CPR if indicated
- have epinephrine ready for injection
- do not restart transfusion
-
Circulatory overload
- place clint upright with feet in dependent position
- Administer prescribed diuretics, oxygen, morphine
- phlebotomy may be indicated
-
Sepsis
- obtain culture of clients blood and send bag with remaining blood to transfusion service
- treat septicemia as directed
|
|
