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What's the difference b/w active & passive voice?
In active voice, the subject performs the action. In passive voice, the subject receives the action.
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Verbs in passive voice always include some form of .... (such as....)
form of "be". Such as be, is, are, was were, or been)
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What are the 3 different types of Verb usage regarding mood and what are their differences?
Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive
Indicative: Most common, used to express facts & opinions. Conveys a definite attitue.
Imperative: Used to give orders or make requests.
- Subjunctive: Seldom used. A verb is in the subjunctive mood when it expresses a condition
- which is doubtful or not factual. Often follows a clause begining with if, or a wish, regret, request, demand, or proposal.
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What 3 types of statements require a subjunctive mood verb?
1) In dependent clauses after verbs that express demands or recommendations.
2) In dependent calues after an adjective that expresses urgency.
3) In clauses that express hypothetical or contrary-to-fact situations.
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After an "if" clause, the "consequence" clause should use the conditional form of the verb containing...
would, could, might, or should
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Are the following singular or plural?
1) Anyone
2) Everyone
3) The running of the bulls...
4) Velma, along with her mother...
5) One or both of us...
- 1) S
- 2) S (taken as a group)
- 3) S
- 4) S
- 5) P
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Are the following singular or plural?
1) Whoever
2) Each of the students...
3) A number of women...
4) Alcott's Little Women...
5) Crowd
6) Audience
- 1) S
- 2) S
- 3) P
- 4) S
- 5) S (group)
- 6) S (group)
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Indifinite pronouns (which don't refer to anything specific) such as anyone or whoever, are singular or plural?
Singular
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What are the 3 types of Agreement errors?
- 1) Agreement b/w subject & verb
- 2) Agreement b/w pronount & antecedent.
- 3) Agreement b/w two nouns
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What are the two types of Modifier errors (no formal names needed)?
- 1) Modifying the action of the sentence (adverbial)
- 2) Modifying the noun (adjectival)
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What are the 3 types of Adjectival (modifying noun) Modifiers? And explain each.
1) Participial Phrases: beginning with a verb, used as an adjective (-ing modifier). Ex; crying babies... (hard to misplace, usually ignore)
2) Appositive Phrases: a noun phrase that serves the role of an adjective. Ex; John, the lead singer of the band, has laryngitis. (can come after or before the noun)
3) Relative Clauses: a subordinate clause that starts with a relative pronoun and is used to modify a noun. (Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That, Where). Must touch the noun it modifies.
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What are the 2 rules of Participial Phrases?
1) If you start a sentence with a participial phrase (ex. crying...), it must always modify the noun that follows the comma.
2) If a participial phrase is used in the middle of a sentence, they follow the noun they are modifying and are set off by commas or not, depending on whether the info is essential to meaning of the sentence.
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Use a comma when...
without the modifier you are specific enough, and the info b/w the commas is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
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Dependent clauses begin with the word...
that
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When trying to determine if a clause is singular or plural you should eliminate the...
prepositions "of..." "along with..."
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The rules of Appositve Phrases are the same as Participial Phrases, except...
that appositive modifiers cannot be far away from the noun they are modifying.
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What are the 6 most common relative pronouns that start a relative clause?
Who, Whose, Whom, Which, That, Where
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What are the two most common mistakes relating to relative clauses?
- 1) When they modify action
- 2) When they are placed too far from the noun they are modifying
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How do you use commas to determine which noun is the subject/direct object?
If there is 0 or 2 commas between the noun & the verb, then it CAN be the subject/direct object.
If there is 1 comma b/w the noun & the verb, then it CANNOT be the subject.
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If the relative clause is misplaced, you can do what to correct the sentence?
Get rid of the relative clause (don't use it)
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How do you determine when to use the idiom "Instead of" vs. "Rather than"?
Use "instead of" when an item is taking the place of another item.
Use "rather than" when you denote a preference.
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The following modifiers should be used when the noun is "countable" or "uncountable"?
Number
Many
Few
Fewer
Several
Countable
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The following modifiers should be used when the noun is "countable" or "uncountable"?
Amount
Much
Less
Less
Some
Uncountable
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In regards to idioms, if you are comparing two things with an adjective or adverb, and the adjective or adverb ends in -er ...
- just add "than".
- My cousin is stronger than yours.
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If you're comparing "more-than-two" items should you use "Another" or "The other"?
Another. (The other is used when comparing 2 items).
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If you're comparing "more-than-two" items should you use "Each other" or "One Another"
One another. (Each other is for comparing 2 items)
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What are the 3 common comparison idioms?
- 1) As many/much as
- 2) So many/much that
- 3) More/Less than
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Accuracy errors often occur when the intent of a sentence...
is to create a metaphor, but an answer choice is worded in a way that is expresses an actuality.
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Remember: the verbs on both sides of "and" have to be parallel. And should be able to be read without the first "verb and".
Ex; Johnny has been running and jumping.
Also works: Johnny has been jumping.
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When do you use "like" vs. "as"?
- Like: use when comaparing two nouns
- As: use when something becomes something else.
- Ex; "He went to the party as a pirate"
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