The creation, operational processes, and division of a cell.
What is a daughter cell?
One of the two cells produced as a result of mitosis.
Define genome.
all of the genetic information within a cell
What is the haploid number?
half of the total number of chromosomes
What is the diploid number?
the total number of chromosomes in a cell
What is the relationship between the haploid and diploid number?
The diploid number is twice the haploid number.
How is a somatic cell different from a gamete?
Somatic cells are regular body cells and contain the diploid number of chromosomes. Gametes are sperm/eggs and contain the haploid number of chromosomes.
Which of our cells will have 2n chromosomes?
somatic cells
Which of our cells will have n chromosomes?
gametes
Which cellular process, mitosis or meiosis, produces genetically identical daughter cells?
mitosis
True or False: Unicellular organisms utilize mitosis to reproduce.
True
True or False: Multicellular organisms utilize mitosis for growth and development.
True
True or False: Multicellular organisms utilize meiosis for tissue repair.
False - they utilize mitosis for tissue repair
The sum of all genetic information inside a cell is known as the:
genome
Which organism, prokaryotic or eukaryotic, will have longer strands of DNA, in some cases up to 2 meters?
eukaryotes
True or False: Every eukaryotic organism has a set number of chromosomes.
True
Which organism has the fewest chromosomes? Humans, horses, or dogs?
humans
How many individual chromosomes do humans have?
46
After mitosis, each daughter cell must have the correct number of:
chromosomes
What are the two main classes of cells in the body?
somatic cells and gametes
The diploid number is represented by what symbol?
2n
What is the haploid number for humans?
23
Chromosomes duplicate to form:
sister chromatids
After replication each of the 46 chromosomes will have how many sister chromatids?
two
What is a sister chromatid?
The identical chromosome formed during replication.
How does the mitotic spindle form?
microtubules called "asters" radiate out from the centrosome towards the metaphase plate
The area where to two sister chromatids join is known as the:
centromere
Describe the kinetichore.
protein on the centromere where the microtubules will attach to each sister chromatid
What is the function of a kinetichore microtubule?
attaches to a chromosome pair in order to seperate them
True or False: Non-kinetichore microtubules pull apart chromosome pairs.
False - they do not attach to an chromosome's kinetichore and instead overlap in the middle.
What are the three primary phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it's time?
interphase
Define Interphase.
time from when a cell forms until it begins the mitotic process
The primary function of the G1 phase of interphase is to:
increase the cell's size
What is the primary event of S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
True or False: DNA replication is completed before mitosis begins.
True
A further increase in cell size, the replication of organelles, and the check to ensure proper DNA replication occur during which phase of interphase?
G2
When does DNA replication occur?
during the S phase of interphase
List the stages of mitosis.
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Mitosis is the process of:
nuclear division
Define centromere.
area where two identical sister chromatids join
The microtubule organizing center is known as the:
centrosome
True or False: Centrioles are essential to the mitotic process.
False - they are non-essential
Microtubules that radiate out from the centrosome are known as:
asters
Microtubules that actually attach to a chromosome pair are known as:
kinetichore microtubules
Microtubules that overlap at the center of a cell and possibly function to elongate the mitotic spindle and cell for division are called:
non-kinetichore microtubules
The G1 phase of mitosis is also known as the:
1st gap
The division of the nucleus is completed during the process known as:
mitosis
The division of the cytoplasm is completed during the process of:
cytokinesis
In which phase of mitosis are both sister chromatids attached to microtubules?
metaphase
In which phase of mitosis are the centrioles visible?
interphase G2
In which phase of mitosis are the centrosomes at opposite poles?
metaphase
In which phase of mitosis do the centrosomes move towards opposite poles?
prophase
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes condense and the sister chromatids become visible?
prophase
In which phase do the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate?
metaphase plate
In which phase do the chromosomes pull towards opposite poles?
anaphase
In which phase do daughter cells form nuclei and nuclear envelopes?
telophase
In which phase do we find a decrease in the condensation of chromosomes?
telophase
In which phase does the early mitotic spindle form?
prophase
In which phase do we see elongation of the cell?
anaphase
In which phase do we find the fragmentation of the nuclear envelope?
prometaphase
In which phase do we see interaction of non-kinetichore microtubules?
prometaphase
In which phase does the kinetichore become visible on the sister chromatids?
prophase
In which phase is the nucleolus still visible?
interphase G2
In which phase do the microtubules begin to attach?
prometaphase
In which phase do microtubules begin to move into the center of the cell?
prometaphase
In which phase does the nucleolus disappear?
prophase
In which phase is the nucleus still surrounded by the nuclear envelope?
interphase G2
In which phase do we see separation of sister chromatids?
anaphase
What are the four characteristics discussed of interphase G2?
nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope
nucleolus still visible
chromosomes have duplicated, but are indistinguishable
centrosomes have duplicated
What are the four characteristics discussed in prophase?
nucleolus disappears
chromosomes condense and become visible
early mitotic spindle forms
centrosomes begin to migrate to the poles
What are the four characteristics discussed in prometaphase?
nuclear envelope fragments
microtubules invade the area of the nucleus
kinetichore microtubules attach to the chromatids
non-kinetichore microtubules begin to interact
What are the three characteristics discussed in metaphase?
centrosomes are at opposite poles
sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate
within each chromosome, each sister chromatid is attached to microtubules from opposite end of the cell
What are the four characteristics discussed regarding anaphase?
cleaving of the cohesion proteins that bind the sister chromatids
seperated chromatids become daughter chromosomes
chromosomes are pulled towards the poles as microtubules shorten
elongation of the cell
What are the four discussed characteristics of telophase?
daughter cells begin to form nuclei
nuclear envelope begins to form
nucleuolus begins to form
chromosomes become less condensed
True or False: When mitosis is completed you have two identical daughter cells.
False - you have one cell with two identical nuclei
The contractile ring of microfilaments that faciliates cytokinesis is known as the:
cleavage furrow
Which phase of mitosis is the shortest?
anaphase
Which phase of mitosis is the longest, and how long is it?
metaphase, about 20 minutes
What occurs during cytokinesis?
division of the cytoplasm
What is apoptosis?
programmed cell death
True or False: At the end of cytokinesis you have two genetically identical daughter cells.
True
What does the G1 checkpoint assess?
the DNA of the parent cell
What does the G2 checkpoint assess?
the DNA replication process
What two things does the S checkpoint assess?
proper elongation of the cell
organelle replication
What does the M checkpoint assess?
proper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate
The process of destroying old or corrupted cells is known as:
apoptosis
The formation of cancer cells is known as:
carcinogenesis
What are the three characteristics of cancer cells?
lack of differentiation or purpose
abnormal nuclei
cells that reproduce out of control forming tumors
List three discussed characteristics of abnormal nuclei in cancer cells.
mutated DNA
wrong amount of genetic material
enlarged nucleus
Author
Geoff
ID
94159
Card Set
Mitosis
Description
Study Cards for Chapter 12 "Cell Cycle and Mitosis"
