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Hypothesis
- Step 1: Identify the problem: Observe and determine the problem to be investigated
- Step 2: Ask questions: Ask questions and attempt to formulate a solution to the problem
- Step 3: Formulate a hypothesis: Formulate explanations (i.e. hypothese) to answer the questions. This involves making predictions that follow from the initial statement of the problem. The language used within the hypothesis must be well defined, such that any subsequent testing of the hypothesis is not subject to erroneous interpretation
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6 parts of a scientific argument
- 1. Problem identificatioin
- 2. Question asking
- 3. Hypothesis development
- 4. Data collection and experimentation
- 5. Analysis
- 6. Conclusion
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Data collection throughout the scientific process to test the hypotheses or predictions in a controlled environment.
4 main steps:
- step 1: observation
- step 2: measurement
- step 3: samples
- step 4: organization
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Experimentation
involves comparing a control group and an experimental group. two groups both equally represent the population
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Analysis
researchers must determine if the data is reliable (consistent with past results) and whether or not it supports the hypothesis
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Conclusion
the purpose of the scientific process is to develop a conclusion. scientists produce models to represent the explanations supported by the data. a scientist should carefully word his or her conclusion in a manner that is consistent with the hypothesis
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Arteries
are blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries
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Veins
are blood vessels that transport blood from the capillaries back to the heart
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capillaries
- are tiny blood vessels that transport blood from arteries to veins within the body
- also serve as the location for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluid, and nutrients within the body.
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Adaptation
receieve, interpret and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous sytem.
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Circulation
transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissue via the cardiovascular system
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Elimination
remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
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Locomotion
allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
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Nutrition
take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
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Oxygenation
take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
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Regulation
hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
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Self-duplication
production of offsping via the reproductive system
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Function of lungs
- breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide
- air is inhaled through the nose into the trachea
- into right and left brochial tubes (have tiny hairs called cilia which keep airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs)
- air travels into alveoli (tiny air sacs that are surrounded by capillaries, exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- oxygen is then transported by red blood cells into bloodstream.
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inspiration
the act of taking in oxygenated air
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Expiration
when diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is forced out of the body
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Central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous sytem
is divided in the automatis nervous system and sensory-somatic nervous system.
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Autonomic nervous system
- controls automatic body functions, like heartbeat and digestion.
- includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
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sympathetic nerves
which are active when a person is excited or scared. fight or flight
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parasympathetic nerves
which are active when a person is eating or at rest
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sensory somatic nervous sytem
consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves associated ganglia
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ganglia
- collection of nerve cell bodies
- controls voluntary action, like talking and walking
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