Psychology week 1

disorder in which individuals show signs of mild anemia only when they are seriously deprived of oxygen; occurs in individuals who have one dominant allele for normal blood cells and one recessive sickle-cell allele

people's beliefs about their own abilities and talents

effort to improve the human species by letting only people whose characteristics are valued by a society mate and pass along their genes

surgical removal of infant from the uterus through an incision made in the mother's abdomen

a tool that enables researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables

theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic uid through the mother's abdomen

description of how various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts

extent to which a measure provides a consistent index of a characteristic

the branch of genetics that studies the inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits

the result of two separate eggs fertilized by two sperm; also called fraternal twins

physical and psychological responses to threatening or challenging conditions

developmental research design based on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs

outer layer of the embryo, which will become the hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system

model in which three processes (selection, optimization, and compensation) form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging

an expression of the strength and direction of a relation between two variables

principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the center of the body develop first

watching people and carefully recording what they do or say

person familiar with childbirth who provides emotional and physical support throughout labor and delivery

a genotype is manifested in reaction to the environment where development takes place, so a single genotype can lead to a range of phenotypes

people's answers to questions about the topic of interest

broad groups of people that are of interest to researchers

social settings that a person may not experience first-hand but that still influence development

wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human

method that involves gaining in-depth understanding of human behavior and what governs it

term given to the zygote once it is completely embedded in the uterine wall

longest period of prenatal development, extending from the 9th until the 38th week after conception

fertilized egg

disorder in which the embryo's neural tube does not close properly

the factor being manipulated

provides connections across microsystems

the number of infants out of 1,000 births who die before their first birthday

when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes are the same

a useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development

the cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded

middle layer of the embryo, which becomes the muscles, bones, and circulatory system

allele whose instructions are ignored in the presence of a dominant allele

inner sac in which the developing child rests

problem with cross-sectional designs in which differences between age groups (cohorts) may result as easily from environmental events as from developmental processes

appearance of the top of the baby's head during labor

the many changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human

situation in which one allele does not dominate another completely

physical, behavioral, and psychological features that result from the interaction between one's genes and the environment

when phenotypes are the result of the combined activity of many separate genes

the behavior being observed

whether there is just one path of development or several paths

a principle of physical growth that states that structures nearest the head develop first

threadlike structures in the nuclei of cells that contain genetic material

newborns who weigh less than 1,500-grams (3 pounds)

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

a birth complication in which umbilical blood flow is disrupted and the infant does not receive adequate oxygen

disorder affecting babies whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while they were pregnant

group of nucleotide bases that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the life span (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

progressive and fatal type of dementia caused by dominant alleles

learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave

molecule composed of four nucleotide bases that is the biochemical basis of heredity

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

technique in which people are observed as they behave spontaneously in some real-life situation

a consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

the multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time

variations of genes

fluid that surrounds the fetus

prenatal diagnostic technique that uses sound waves to generate an image of the fetus

an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages

substance that protects the fetus's skin during development

23rd pair of chromosomes; these determine the sex of the child

person's hereditary makeup

technique in which a researcher creates a setting that is likely to elicit the behavior of interest

Erikson's proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands

age at which a fetus can survive because most of its bodily systems function adequately; typically at 7 months after conception

the result of a single fertilized egg splitting to form two new individuals; also called identical twins

extent to which a measure actually assesses what researchers think it does

step in which the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman's blood vessels

an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

in Erikson's theory, the idea that each psychosocial strength has its own special period of particular importance

theory based on idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops

when the alleles in a pair of chromosomes differ from each other

inner layer of the embryo, which becomes the lungs and the digestive system

newborns who weigh less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds)

a measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent to which a trait or characteristic is inherited

inherited disorder in which the infant lacks a liver enzyme

form of an allele whose chemical instructions are followed

field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup

process by which sperm and an egg are mixed in a petri dish to create a zygote, which is then placed in a woman's uterus

learning paradigm in which the consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future

small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby

structure containing veins and arteries that connects the developing child to the placenta

study in which developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages

investigation looking at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world

a special type of longitudinal design in which participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks, typically with the aim of observing change directly as it occurs

structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing child

view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

a consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows

prenatal diagnostic technique that involves taking a sample of tissue from the chorion

the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

a systematic way of manipulating the key factor(s) that the investigator thinks causes a particular behavior

babies born before the 36th week after conception

the degree to which genetic or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are

a subset of the population

newborns who weigh less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds)