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What part of the PNS (Periferal Nervous System) functions without consciou effort?
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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What does the ANS control?
Smooth and cardiac muscle contraction of viscera and the heart
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What does the ANS oversee?
Heart rate, BP, breathing rate, body temp., and other homeostatic activities (baseline-return to normal)
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What innervates the adrenal glands and responds to emotional stress by releasing adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA)?
Parts of the ANS
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What is the pathway of ANS motor nerver fibers (axons) that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle?
- Neurons originate from the anterior horn of the soinal cord and send axons that travel with the ventral root
- The preganglionic fibers eventually synapse with neurons located in autonomic ganglia
- The axons from the autonomic ganglia (post) go on to innervate smooth or cardic muscle (target)
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What are the two divisions of the ANS?
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
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What is another name for sympathetic division?
Thoracolumbar division
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What does the sympathetic division of the ANS do?
- Expends enrgy and deals with stressful emergency situations
- FLIGHT or FIGHT
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Where do the sympathetic preganglionic fibers origiate?
T1 through L2 spinal segments
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What is another name for parasympathic division?
"Craniosacral" division
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What does the parasympathetic division do?
Conserves energy and is active under normal, restful conditions, including digestion.
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Where do the parasympathetic pregonlionic fobers originate?
Brainstem and spinal cord from segments S2-S4
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Where do the preganglionic (parasympathetic) fibers from the brainstem travel?
To their destination: Automomic ganglia
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*What system consists of specialized tissues (glands) that secrete hormones (chemical message) directly into the vascular system?
The Endocrine System
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What secrets substances into ducts which drain to internal or external body sufraces?
Exocrine glands
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Name the parts of the endocrine system:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid gland
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Pineal gland
- Thymus gland
- Reproductive gland
- Digestive gland
- Heart
- Kindneys
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*What do hormones do?
- Help regulate metabolic process such as:
- Blood pressure
- Water balance
- Blood sugar balance
- Reproduction
- Development
- Growth
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*What is most hormone secretion controlled by?
Negative feedback
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*Negative feedback
- Senses that tell the body to find balance, like if there is too much or not enough of something
- + or -
- Factor - sensor - integrating - effect and back to Factor
- As hormone levels rise in the blood and the hormone makes an effect on the body, negative feedback inhibitis the system and the hormone secretion decreases.
- It also allows hormone concentrations to remain relatively stable
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What are some of the tissues that make up the endocrine system?
- Large distinct glands (e.g. pancreas, thyroid gland, pituitary gland)
- Clumps of hormone secreting cells within certain organs (e.g. heart (reminds itself to beat) and kidneys)
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*Is the pancreas part of the endocrin or exocrin system?
Both
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The Master Gland
- The Pituitary Gland or hypophysis
- Secretes numerous hormones that help regulate growth, sexual maturity, lactation, adrenal gland secretion and blood pressure
- Tells the other glands what to do
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What are the features and where is the Pituitary Gland located?
- Approx. 1 cm in diameter located in the base of the braina nd housed in the sella-tuica (Turkish saddle) of the sphenoid bone (behind the nose) (about the size of a pestaio nut)
- Attached to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
- Two lobes
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Anterior lobe of pituitary gland: adenohypophysis
- Secretes:
- Growth hormones (GH)
- Prolactin (PrL)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Posterior lobe of pituitary gland: neurohypophysis
- Secrets:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (Keeping fluids)
- Oxytocin (bone building-calcium regulator)
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
- Consists of two lobes connected by a "bridge" called the isthmus (connects the two lobes)
- Located just inferior to and ont he lateral aspects of the larynx "voice box"
- Butterfly shaped gland in the neck
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What are the fuctions of the thyroid gland?
- To control metabolism and the calcium level in the blood
- Also has the ability to remove iodine from the blood
- Hormones secreted:
- T3, T4
- Calcitonin (bone strength)
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Where are the Parathyroid glands?
2 pair of glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid glands ("ride on the back")
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What is the function of the parathyroid glands
- Secret hormones (parathyroid hormones) that help regulate calcium and phosphate ions in the blood
- (Muscles need to have calcium in order to contract)
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Where are the Adrenal glands located? What is another name for them?
- Also called the suprarenal glands
- Located on the superior poles of the kidneys
- Consist of inner medulla that secrets hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system
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What hormones do the outer cortex of the adrenal glands secrete?
- Control blood electrolytes (sodium & potassium) (talking to the kidneys)
- Control the metabolism of glucose, protein and fat
- Produce sex hormones
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What are the characteristics of the Pancreas and where is it located?
- Large, flat, enlongated gland located posterior to the stomach
- Large part is called the body and is surrounded by the begining of the small intestine (duodenum)
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Pancreas cont.
- It is a dual gland with both endocrine and exocrine functions
- Endocrine part secrets insulin and glucagon that control blood sugar levels
- Exocrin part secrets digestive juice through a duct
- (Helps break down fats and carbs)
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Pineal Gland
- Very small, located deep in the brain near the thalamus
- Secrets a hormone called melatonin which is involved in regulation of circadian rhythms
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Thymus Gland
- Located posterior to the body of the sternum, between the lungs
- Shrinks as you age (is large in children)
- Secrets hormones involved with immunity (germs)
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*Reproductive Glands
- The ovaries & placenta secrete sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) responsible for maintaining reproductive capability and the placenta maintains pregnancy
- The testes produce testosterone
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Digestive Glands
Consist of small pockets of cells that line the stomach and small intestine which secrete hormones that help regulate digestion (little cells all over your digestive tract)
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Heart
- Certain parts of the heart contain cells that secrete hormones that are involved with lowering blood pressure
- It can tell if it is working too hard and it will back off
- A-type Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
- B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
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Kidneys
Contains cells that secrete a hormone (erythropoietin) that stimulates the production of red blood cells
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