primary- inevitable, irreversable physical changes, happens to everyone
secondary- specific illnesses/conditions dat are common w/ age but are conseuence of life-style (drinkin, smokin, eatin, exercise),
some factors dat can worsen da change dat r da inevitable result of primary aging
lossing hair, & grey hair, wrinkles, hearing, fat, vision, we get belly fat, & fat in arms, butt, eyelids, chin, ppl get shorter, breathing get deeper & shallower
how much faster does men's hearing decline then women
twice as fast
r middle aged ppl more/less/equally, likely to catch diseases (common cold) compared to other age groups
less b/c of immunity
disability adjusted life years (DALY)
each yr lost to premature dealth & each fraction of full quality of life due to disability reduces a persons DALYS
top 3 causes of disability-adjusted life yrs (DALYs)
1. lower repiratory tract ifection
2. HIV/AIDS
3. Birth complications & defects
? r the worst yrs in lifespan w/ respect to rates of Over-WT & obesity, how many adults r over-wt during this age span
45-65
66% overwt
by how much does metabolism slow down betweeen 20-50
1/3 decreases bewteen 20-50 yrs
3 causes of ethnic variations in health
genetic risk
specific health care behavior (diet & exersice)
social context factors including stress, predjuice & poverty
w/ regard to da study of intelligence & aging, ? has cross-sectional research shown?
in the 20th century- intelligence rises in childhood, peaks @ adolescents, & then declines
during ww1- it reaches itz peak @ 18, stayed same level til mid-20, then declined
younger adults outscore older ones
? is Flynn effect?
trend toward increasing average IQ, found in all developed nations during 20th century, both longtitude & cross-sectional
b/c of nutrition, wider edu. & expirience, low toxins, sm. family size
5 primary abilities
1. verbal meaning
2. spatial orientation
3. inductive reasoning
4. # ability
5. word fluency
after 80 yrs, deciline small but satistically significant
difference between fluid & crystallized intelligence, & which increases w/ age
fluid intelligence- born smart, quick & thorough, abilities like short*term memory, abstract thought, speed thought, (ex. puzzles), some think it declines w/ age
crystallized intelligence- abilities the reflect on accumulated learning, expirience & facts, long-term memory, some think dat it increases w/ age
? is Howard Gardners theory about intelligence? (hint: he doesn't beleive dat intelligencce is unidimensional)
multifactorial
multidirectional
? r da characteristics of expert cognition
intuitive: novices follow formal procedures & rules, rely on expiriences & immediate contexts, der actions r more intuitive & less stereotype
automatic: complex action, routine
strategic: experts distinguishing by strategies, especially when problem is unexpected
flexible: experts being creative & curious, like to experiment, getting challenged
wat r the Big Five personality traits? (hint: use Ocean as memory device), which 2 increase w/ age, which 2 decrease, & which one stays da same
openness: imaginative, curious, artistic, creative, open to new expiriences
tendency for both sexes to become similar as they move thru middle-age
men midlife crisis
NO man goes through serious midelife crisis
In Unites States, at any given moment, how many middle aged parents have at least 1 child living at home
50%
What are 2 reasons that middle aged women are at a disadvantage for marry ir remarry
more women than men
why did 1 researcher describe the usual relationship pattern between siblings as an "hourglass effect"
better w/ time
familism- idea dat family support one another
close during childhood, increasingly distant during adolscence & early childhood, than closer together again, especially if siblings marriage ends
wat is da leading cause of death from injury after 60
falls
flexabilty is one of the best predictors of vitality
why is it dat sensory losses which used 2 b devestating have less impact on longevity 2day
we have better technology
? is elderspeak, & does it increase comprehension in elders
baby talk
makes them feel bad
humiliates them
? is da wear & tear theory of aging (body is not a mechine)
seem like body wears out b/c od passage of time & exposure to environment stressers
wat is da max life span 4 humans, as best we can estimate (genetic clock)
115-120 yrs
maximun # of years that a particular speciess is genetically programmed to live
wat r oxygen free radicals
atoms of O2 that, as result of metabolic process, have an unpaired electron, these atoms scramble DNA molecules or mitochondria, producing errors in cell maintance & repair that, w/ time lead to cancer, DM, arteriosclerosis
hayflick limit
# of time a human cell is capable of dividing into 2 new cells, limit 4 each cell is bout 50 divisions, showing that life span is limited by our genetics
4 life style factors dat long-lived ppl have in common (LONGIVITY)
diet is moderate (fresh vegies, lil meat)
work cont. thruout life
family & community r important
exercise & relaxation r part of daily routine
primary aging
all irreresible & universal physical changes over time
terminal decline
slowdown of cognative abilities day/mon before death
marked loss of intellectual ower
results not from age-rather from being close to death
change in cognative ability & increase depression often precedes visible worsening of health
dementia
actual brain damage
ireversable loss of intell. functioning caused be organic brain disease
