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Cause of acne
Propionibacteria
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Type of hypersensitivity induced by mycobacterial cell wall
Type IV
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Cord factor
Antigen that correlates with virulence in mycobacteria. Inhibits leukocyte migration and stimulates granuloma formation.
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Location of primary TB infection
Adjacent to pleura, in lower part of upper lobe, or upper part of lower lobe
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Location of secondary TB infection
Lung apex
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Two stains that identify M. tuberculosis
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Vitamin produced by M. tuberculosis
Niacin
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First line drugs for TB
- Isoniazid (use for prophylaxis)
- Rifampin
- Ethambutol
- Pyrazinamide
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Positive PPD test with no BCG vaccination and no M. TB infection
M. bovis infection
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Swimming pool granuloma
Mycobacterium marinum
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Prophylaxis against MAC in AIDS patients
Azithromycin
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Aerobic, gram positive organism, partially acid fast
Nocardia (chronic lobar pneumonia and granuloma formation in immunocompromised patients)
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Rickettsia rickettsii
- Rocky mountain spotted fever--fever, malaise, with maculopapular rash that begins peripherally and spreads to trunk
- Rash involves soles and palms
- May cause DIC
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Three causes of rash involving palms and soles
- Rocky mountian spotted fever
- Meningococcemia
- Secondary syphilis
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Coxiella Burnetti
- Q fever--Fever, chills, headache, malaise
- NO RASH
- Chronic Q fever can cause myocarditis or hepatitis
- Negative Weil-Felix test
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Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch disease
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Weil-Felix test
- Used to detect rickettsia infection (but does not work for coxiella burnetti, Q fever)
- Based on agglutination between anti-rickettsial antibodies and the proteus polysaccharide AG
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Obligate intracellular parasite that has a gram negative envelope but lacks muramic acid, and infects as an elementary body
Chlamydia
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Histology of cells infected with C. trachomatis
Vacuolar inclusions in cytoplasm that contain glycogen, and stain with iodine
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Leading cause of bacterial STDs in US
Chlamydia
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Chlamydia psittaci
- Causes atypical pneumonia
- Transmitted in bird droppings
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4 stages of syphilis infection
- Primary--painless chancre
- Secondary--spirochete disseminates into bloodstream, causing rash, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Condyloma lata may appear
- Latent
- Tertiary--has three manifestations: gummata, cardio, or neuro
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Two serological tests for syphilis
- VDRL--non-specific, false positives in SLE patients, take 1-4 weeks to turn positive
- FTA--specific, used for confirmation
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Fever, headache, and myalgia, following penicillin G administration in px with syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction, caused by release of endotoxin when spirochetes lyse. Self-limiting, don't treat. DON'T stop penicillin.
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Red macule with erythematous ring and central clearing
Erythema chronicum migrans, indicates borrelia infection
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Confirmation of lyme disease diagnosis
ELISA assay of antibodies, followed by Western blot for confirmation (borrelia is hard to culture)
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Organism with no cell wall and sterols in cell membrane
Mycoplasma
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Most common cause of pneumonia in young adults
Mycoplasma pneumonia (may also cause non-purulent otitis media)
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Postive cold agglutination test
Mycoplasma pneumonia
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Treatment for mycoplasma pneumonia
Erythromycin or azithromycin (pencillin won't work, because bacteria have no cell walls)
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Mycoplasma hominis
- Causes postpartum infection
- Treat with tetracycline, because unlike most mycoplasm, hominis is resistant to macrolides
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