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refractive errors
defects in the bending of light as it enters the eye, causing an improper focus on the retina
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astigmatism
distorted vision caused by an oblong or cylindrical curvature of the lens or cornea that prevents light rays from coming to a single focus on the retina
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hyperopia
farsightedness; difficulty seeing close objects when light rays extend beyond the proper focus on the retina
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myopia
nearsightedness; difficulty seeing distant objects when light rays fall short of the proper focus on the retina
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presbyopia
impaired vision owing to old-age loss of accommodation
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accommodation
ability of the eye to adjust focus on near objects
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amblyopia
decreased vision in early life due to functional defect that can occur as a result of strabismus, refractive errors, or trauma; usually occurs in one eye, also known as lazy eye
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aphakia
absence of the lens, usually after cataract extraction
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blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
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blepharochalasis/dermatochalasis
baggy eyelid; overabundance and loss of elasticity of skin on the upper eyelid, causing a fold of skin to hang down over the edge of the eyelid when the eyes are open
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blepharoptosis/ptosis
drooping of the eyelid usually caused by paralysis
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chalazion
chronic nodular inflammation of a meibomian gland, usually the result of a blocked duct; commonly presents as a swelling on the upper or lower eyelid
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cataract
opaque clouding of the lens causing decreased vision
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conjunctivitis
pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva
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dacryoadentitis
inflammation of the lacrimal gland
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dacryocystitis
inflammation of the tear sac
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diabetic retinopathy
disease of the retina in diabetics characterized by capillary leakage, bleeding, and new vessel formation, leading to scarring and loss of vision
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ectropion
outward turning of the rim of the eyelid
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entropion
inward turning of the rim of the eyelid
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epiphora
abnormal overflow of tears caused by blockage of the lacrimal duct
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glaucoma
group of diseases of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the optic nerve, producing defects in vision
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hordeolum
sty; an acute infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
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iritis
inflammation of the iris
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keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
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macular degeneration
breakdown or thinning of the tissues in the macula, resulting in partial or complete loss of central vision
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pseudophakia
eye in which the natural lens of is replaced with an artificial lens implant
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pterygium
fibrous growth of conjunctival tissue that extends onto the cornea
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retinal detachment
separation of the retina from the underlying epithelium, disrupting vision and resulting in blindness if not repaired surgically
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retinitis
inflammation of the retina
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strabismus
crossed eyes; a condition of eye misalignment caused by intraocular muscle imbalance
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esotropia
right or left eye deviates inward toward the nose
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exotropia
right or left eye deviates outward away from the nose
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scleritis
inflammation of the sclera
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trichiasis
misdirected eyelashes that rub on the conjuctiva or cornea
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