Exam 5

Arcuate nucleus is the locatio of what anorexic peptides?

NPY and AgRP inhibits the secretion of what?

aMSH and CART inspire what kind of eating behavior?

NPY and AgRP stimulate what kind of behavior?

AgRP and aMSH both bind to the MC4 receptor therefore they are ____________to eachother.

NPY, AgRP, MCH, and Orexin all do what?

Which two peptides come from the Lateral hypothalamic area?

Axons both with bodys in the lateral hypothalamus, and just passing through contribute to what behavior?

Which part of the brain is invovled in organizing and initiating goal-directed behaviors?

The MCH system informs the cortex of what?

Feeding behavior is stimulated when what peptide is injected into the brain?

Leptin levels increase when fat levels _______

aMSH and CART are released in the arcuate nucleus causing feeding behavior to be inhibited and metabolism to increase.

A ____ in leptin levels causes the release ofe NPY and AgRP and MCH.

What kind of peptides act on the brain to stimulate feeding behavior and decrease metabolism?

• 1. Cephalic phase
• 2. Gastric phase
• 3. Substrate phase

sight and smell of food trigger parasympathetic and eteric divisions of ANS (drooling over pancakes and digestive stomach juices are flowing)

more saliva, more stomach juices as you chew and swallow food

stomach starts to fill and the food (chyme) passes into intestines where nutrients are absorbed.

NPY and AgRP is activated by what peptide in the stomach?

the action of the three satiety signals: gastric distention, release of cholecystokinin (CCK), and release of insulin cause what?

The vagus nerve is the route by which axons from where go to the brain?

The neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla are stimulated by what nerve? (the wanderer stimulates the solitary)

This peptide is found in cells lining the intestines (a little is in the CNS too) and is activated by certain foods (esp. fat) and works with distention to inhibit feeding behavior.

what is required to transport glucose into cells other than neurons?

Which peptide acts about the same as Leptin on the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei?

It feels good so you do it

the act of satisifying a craving

along the trajectory of dopaminergic axons arising in the ventral tegmental area and projecting to the forebrain.

Behavior is reinforced by the release of what in the brain?

the animal will act as if it likes food but does not want food when what is depleted?

Low in post absorptive, rising in anticipation, and spike durring a meal.

Tryptophan is used to derive what?

Chocolate chip cookies! Aka carbs

Eating!

Bulemia nervousa is often treated with Prozac because it is linked with regulation of what?

What is a decrease in blood volume called?

An increase in the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood is called what?

Hypovolemia triggers what kind of thirst?

first angiotensin II is released activating neurons in the subfornical organ of the kidney, then mechanosensory axons in the vagus nerve activate neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract these send signals to the hypothalamus.

The vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) loses water and this causes a change in the actions potential firing frequency.

• 1. directly excite the magnocellular neurosecretory cells that secrete vasopressin.
• 2. stimulate osmometric thirst

Osometric thirst motivates you to do what?

Responses to loss of blood volume are not effected by lesions of what hypothalamic area?

Selective loss of the vasopressin-secreting neurons of the hypothalamus and the body working against the brain is called what?

Replacing lost vasopressin treats what disease?

clustered in the anterior haypothalamus are neurons improtant for what?

The medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus initiates what kind of responses to a change in temperature?

The lateral hypothalamic area initiates what kind of response to temp changes?

testis-determining factor

Males have more of these

Women have more of these hormones

with the aid of aromatase testoterone is converted into what?

estrodial and progesterone are the principle hormones for which sex?

the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus control what kind of hormones?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) aka gonadotropins are released where?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) aka lutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) cause what to be released from where?

the pineal gland

gonadotropin

The male will form an intense bond with the female vole even without mating

It stimulates pair bonding, smooth muscle (contractions), and lactose let down reflex (breastfeeding).

It is characterised by a shorter luteal phase.

this is after egg expulsion when the cells surrounding the egg undergo chemical changes (depends on LH reliese in the pituitary)

axons in the parasympathetic division of ANS in spinal cord (from thoughts in the brain) or mechanical stimulation

ACh, vasoactive intestinal poypeptide (VIP), and nitric oxide (NO).

In the sympathetic division of the ANS sensory axons become highly active. Ejaculation occurs, then resolution.

helps regulate water and salt levels in the body (mainly by affecting the kidneys)

the differences in male and female brains

False

In the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus

False

Vasopressin may contribute to male monogamy and Oxytocin may contribute to female monogamy.

• James-Lange said that emotion is a response to physiological changes.
• Cannon-Bard said that emotional experience can occur independently of emotional expression.

expression of emotion without conscious awareness of the stimulus that evoked the emotion.

Found the limbic lobe, looked like a border (limbic is latin for border). First thought to be for olfaction, later with emotion.

Neocortex (emotional coloring or volume) --> Cingulate cortex (emotional experience) --> Hippocampus --> fornix --> Hypothalamus (emotional expression) --> Anterior nuclei of thalamus --> Cingulate cortex etc.

• temporal lobectomy: bilateral removal of temporal lobes
• good visual perception but poor recognition
• oral tendencies
• hypersexuality
• "flattened" emotions

Three parts 1. basolateral nuclei (visual, auditory, gustatory, and tactile afferents) 2. corticomedial nuclei (olfactory afferents) 3. central nucleus

• they become docile, decreases agression.
• inability to percieve fear and anger

• medial hypothalamus: affective agression
• lateral hypothalamus: preditory agression

• predatory: obtaining food (not sympathetic)
• affective: a show of strength

posterior hypothalamus is important in expression of anger and aggression and normaly inhibited by the telencephalon.

• two major pathways
• medial forbrain bundle --> ventral tegmental (preditory aggression when stimulated)

• drugs that block synthesis or release of serotonin increases aggression (aggressive monkeys lose their status)
• agonist decreases aggression
• antagonists increase aggression

made electrical recordings from surface of dog and rabit brains.

• electrodes taped to the scalp with conductive paste
• the record is a set of many simultaneous squigles indicating voltage changes between pairs of electrodes

• Beta rhythms: fastest 14 and up Hzm- high consentration
• Alpha rhythms: 8-13 Hz - awake and calm
• Theta rhythms: 4-7 Hz - REM?
• Delta rhythms: less than 4 Hz.-deep sleep

• 1. all take cues from pacemaker/central clock (conductor)
• 2. share the timing function: mutually exciting or inhibiting eachother (jam session)

• 1. rhythms block info
• 2. synchrony binds so you have one perceptual experience
• 3. no direct function, just an interesting by-product

• generalized: all over the brain
• Partial: parts of the brain
• both types fire with synchrony that never occurs during normal behavior.

• GABA blocker promotes seizures (convulsants)
• GABA agonists (anticonvulsants) like barbituates and benzodiazepines.

• tonic: ongoing
• clonic: rythmic
• aura: abnormal sensory sensation
• deja vu: well formed auras

sometotopic mapping

redily reversible state of reduced responsiveness to, and interaction with, the environment.

• 1. non-REM an idling brain in a moveable body
• 2. sleep spindle: slightly deeper 5-15 minutes
• 3. EG large amplitude slow delta rythms (little movement)
• 4. Deepest large EEG rythms 20-40 minutes

2. REM dreaming sleep, and active brain in an immobile body.

sleep walking

• restoration: fixes your body while you sleep
• adaptation: protects you from night dangers

the short (p) arm of the Y chromosome

SRY gene a small segment near the tip of the short arm of the Y chromosome codes for what?

• hypothalamus --> autonomic response
• Periaqueductal gray matter in brain stem --> behavioral reaction

Cerebral cortex --> emotional experience

Cerebral cortex --> amygdala ==> Hypothalamus & PAG --> aggressive behavior

• Hobs- said freud was an idiot and sleep is to improve memory
• Avi- learning/sleep study they improved.

see page 602

• non-fluent
• lack gramatical words
• problem with verb conjugation
• paraphasic (incorect sound for a word)
• anomia (difficulty finding and producing words)

• meaningless speach
• more paraphasic errors
• don't understand most requests

Not exactly because Broca's area works just fine without it.

primary auditory cortex--> wern's area --> arcuate fasciculus --> broca --> motor cortex

Processes the sound and produces the meaning

word signals from werneke's area are converted and sent to Broca

word signals are converted to code for muscle movements required for speach. These signals are sent to the motor cortex