psychology add study.txt

Although earlier philosophers made important contributions ____________ believed in more than the souls or mind of the person, and interested in the function of the human body as an integral part of psychology. philosopher (1596-1650) who envisioned an elaborate mechanical scheme for mind/body operations.

__________ (1632-1704) was an Englishman who brought philosophy to the threshold of psychology. founder of British empiricism. Locke summed up the Enlightenment in his belief in the middle class and its right to freedom of conscience and right to property, in his faith in science, and in his confidence in the goodness of humanity.

British __________ focused on the content of the mind and claimed that it is acquired through experience. we are each born into this world with our minds empty, essentially like blank slates.

_____, 1832-1920, German physiologist and psychologist. taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection.taught at Leipzig, where he founded the first laboratory for experimental psychology. he stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection.

a theory that uses culturally interconnected signs to reconstruct systems of relationships rather than studying isolated, material things in themselves. found wide use from the early 20th century in a variety of fields, and is notably based upon the developments by Wilhelm Wundt�s psychology (advanced by Englishman Edward Titchener) of the structure of the mind.

Titchener was responsible for the refinement of _____________.

_____________ was an American philosopher at Harvard University who first opened the formal study of psychology within the classroom.performed research and demonstration within the classroom, he never truly founded a formal school of psychology, and preferred to be known as a philosopher, and not a psychologist.

Gestalt psychology developed from German psychologist __________________. The Gestalt school of psychology interprets phenomena as organized wholes rather than as aggregates of distinct parts, maintaining that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

___________ is a school of psychology which seeks to explain animal and human behavior entirely in terms of observable and measurable responses to environmental stimuli. was introduced (1913) by the American psychologist John B. Watson, who insisted that behavior is a physiological reaction to environmental stimuli. He rejected the exploration of mental processes as unscientific.

_______ epitomized the behaviorist approach more than any other psychologist. explains the behavior of humans and other animals in terms of the physiological responses of the organism to external stimuli. Like other behaviorists, he rejected unobservable phenomena of the sort that other forms of psychology, particularly psychoanalysis, had studied, concerning himself only with patterns of responses to rewards and stimuli.

__________ is a type of psychology that was in many ways a reaction to Behaviorism. leader was Carl Rogers (1902-1987). believe that the individual or self should be the central concern of psychology. It is their argument that we need to get the "person" back into psychology.

was a first cousin of Charles Darwin and was greatly influenced by him. was intrigued by the theory of evolution and by the possibilities of improving the human race. He reasoned that before one could improve the human condition, one first needed to measure and catalog the range of human abilities and aptitudes as they exist at the moment. He devised countless tests and measurements of individual differences

____________ (1857-1911), was a French psychologist. From 1894 he was director of the psychology laboratory at the Sorbonne. He is known for his research and innovation in testing human intelligence

Sleep ________ are brief, but high amplitude bursts of electrical energy/activity that occur with regularity.

___ was discovered in the early 1950�s by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky

On some occasions, LSD (a hallucinogenic drug) gives rise to the experience of _______________ In this condition, a stimulus of one modality is perceived in a different modality, a crossing-over of sensory processing. Fr example, the individual may hear colored lights.

The _____ of control is a personality construct referring to an individual's perception of events as determined internally by his/her own behavior vs. fate, luck, or external circumstances.

To get classical conditioning under way, a second stimulus, which is neutral, must be presented, and initially produces a minimal response or a response of no particular interest. This stimulus is known as the conditioned stimulus. This process is technically referred to as

Skinner used the term operant to refer to behavior that an organism may use to operate on its ___________.

approach to learning is also cognitive in nature, but he added a decidedly social aspect to the process and for that reason it is often referred to as the social theory.The central idea of this theory is that learning takes place through the observation and the imitation of models. What makes social learning theory social is the notion that we often learn from others.

A _________ map is a mental representation of the learning situation or physical environment.

An instinctive _____ is the term used by the Brelands to note that some behaviors are more difficult to condition than others.

Another negative reinforcement in action is _________ conditioning. Here, an organism learns to avoid unpleasant and painful situations before it occurs.

______ proposed that many adult characteristics are produced by attempts to deal with basic anxiety.

According to _________, emotions have two components: physical arousal and a cognitive label.

One of the first references to a need to maintain a balanced state is found in the work of Walter Cannon. Cannon was concerned with our internal physiological reactions, and the term he used to describe a state of _______ or equilibrium within those reactions is homeostasis.

A set point is a normal, optimum _____ of equilibrium or balance among physiological or psychological reactions.

Cognitive dissonance is a motivating __________ or tension caused by a lack of balance or consonance among one�s cognitions.

Another approach to motivation that relies on the notion of balance and ___________ is called the opponent-process theory.

___________, also known as Adrenalin, is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is involved in emotional activity, mostly affecting heart activity.

The ______ system is a set of small structures located low in the brain. They are involved in motivational and emotional stress.

Most of the data gathered on ___ differences in IQ scores have been gathered through a cross-sectional method.

In a cross-sequential study, subjects who were ____ at the same time, but tested at different times are compared.

According to psychoanalytic theory, ___________ is an adaptive defense mechanism that permits the psychological energy associated with unconscious desires and impulses to be translated into socially accepted activities.

___________ is known for his study in which he tested conformity, the extent to which social groups exert pressure on our perceptions, emotions, and behaviors.

__________Theory of Moral Development proposes 3 major levels of moral development, with two sub-stages for each level.

_______________ is an interactionist position that suggests that psychological characteristics are the result of neither Heredity nor the environment working alone.

The bundle of fibers that links the two hemispheres, or halves, of the brain, is known as the corpus ________.

The reality principle governs the ego, and __________ between the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world.

The superego is that aspect of the personality that refers to ethical or moral considerations, and operates on the __________ principle.

Nomothetics is the study that seeks to find the ___________ of all people.