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Berjinski
tobacco mosaic virus passes through a porcelain filter
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D’hellre
devised method for enumerating viruses
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Characteristics of a virus
Obligate intracellular parasites, acellular consist of one or more DNA or RNA molecule (not both), enclosed in a coat of protein, and sometimes in other more complex layers. Naked (no envelope) or enveloped
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Differentiations based on nucleic acid of viruses
RNA or DNA – naked or enveloped
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animal viruses are cultivated in
suitable animals, embryonated eggs, tissue cultures
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plaque assay
Determining the viability of a viral preperation
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Size of virus
10-400 nm in diameter
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capsid
large structure protein coat of a virus
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function of the viral protein coat
protect the viral genetic material and aid in the transfer of the viral genetic material between host cells
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viral envelopes composed of
proteins, lipids and carbs
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characteristics of viral envelopes
The proteins in the envelop are virus specific, and its lipids and carbs are derived from the host cell, large macromolecular structures
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viron
complete virus particle
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Differential Centrifugation
centrifugation of a suspension at various speeds in order to separate particles of various sizes
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Plus strand RNA
have RNA with the same sequence as the viral mRNA
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Negative strand RNA
have RNA which is complementary to viral mRNA
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Density Gradient Centrifugation
particle will come to rest when the density of the surrounding medium is equal to the density of the particles even if the centrifugation is continued longer
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self-assembly
cell structures form spontaneously from macromolecules without the aid of special enzyme or factors
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classifications of Animal viruses
by Morphology, genome structure, genetic relatedness, replication strategy
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nucleocapsid
the portion of a virus that consists of a viral nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid
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latent virus infection
virus stops reproducing and remains dormant for some time
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different mechanisms how viruses cause cancer
virus carrying oncogene and inserting it into host genome, one is oncogene inside the cell
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type of virus causes liver cancer
Hep B
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Characteristics of a viroid
infectious agents composed only of RNA, cause plant disease, closed circular single stranded RNA, RNA does not serve as mRNA nor does it direct the synthesis of mRNA, have no protein capsids
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Diseases that prions produce
scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow), Creutzfeld – Jakob disease, kuru
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oncogene
genes whose expression or abnormal expression causes cancer
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Glycoprotein
the most common type of molecule that of an animal virus for interacting with the host cell receptors
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adult T cell leukemia caused by
retroviruses
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symbiosis
one organism spends a portion of its life associated with another organism of a different species
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commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed (eats at the same table) eg. nitrification
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mutualism
some reciprocal benefit to both partners in the relationship with some degree of obligation. Partners will not survive separated in many cases. Mutualist dependant on host
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propionobacterium is associated
with the oil glands of the skin
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The microbiota of the skin is most likely found
in association with oil and sweat glands
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the microflora of the skin is kept
a slight acidic pH, high concentration of NaCl, low moisture
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nucleocapsid
the portion of a virus that consists of a viral nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid
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hemoagglutination
assay determines highest dilution of a virus that causes red blood cells to clump together in the presence of a viral suspension
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protomer
individual subunit of a viral capsid (protein)
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