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Describe the world-changing scientific contributions of Leeuwenhoek
- Began making and using simple microscopes
- Often made a new microscope for each specimen
- Examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single-celled protozoa, "animalcules"
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Define microbes in the words of Leeuwenhoek
"Beasties", or "animalcules", no larger that 1/100 of the size of a grain of sand
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List 6 groups of microorganisms
Fungi, protozoa, algae, bacteria, archaea, small animals
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Explain why protozoa, algae and non-microbial parasitic worms are studied in microbiology
Because many of them cause diseases that were studied by early microbiologists; diseases are often caused by microscopic eggs and immature stages in the body
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Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
- Prokaryotic organisms lack nuclei
- Eukaryotic organisms contain nuclei composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane
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List and answer four question that propelled research into what is called "the Golden Age of Microbiology"
- Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
- What causes fermentation?
- What causes disease?
- How can we prevent infection and disease?
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Identify the scientists who argued in favor of spontaneous generation
Aristotle, Needham
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Compare and contrast the investigations of Redi, Needham, Spallanzani, and Pasteur to disprove spontaneous generation
- Redi-meat and flies; tried to disprove spontaneous generation
- Needham-beef gravy and plants; tried to prove that microbes could generate spontaneously
- Spallanzani-reworked Needham's experiments to prove them faulty
- Pasteur-swan-necked flasks; disproved spontaneous generation
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List four steps in the scientific method of investigation
- A group of observations leads a scientist to ask questions about some observed/inferred phenomenon
- The scientist generates one or more hypotheses
- The scientist designs and conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis
- Based on observed results and data, scentist either accepts, rejects, or modifies hypothesis
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Discuss the significance of Pasteur's fermentation experiments to our world today
- Spoiled wine threatened livelihood of vintners, compelling them to fund research into how to promote production of alcohol but prevent spoilage by acid during fermentation
- Some believed air caused fermentation reactions, while others insisted living organisms caused fermentation
- This debate also linked to debate of spontaneous generation
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Explain why Pasteur is known as the Father of Microbiology
Because of his many, varied, and significant accomplishments in working with microbes
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Identify the scientist whose experiments led to the field of biochemistry and the study of metabolism
Eduard Buchner
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List at least 7 contributions made by Koch to the field of microbiology
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List the 4 steps that must be taken to prove the cause of a contagious disease
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Describe the contribution of Gram to the field of microbiology
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Identify 4 health care practitioners who did pioneering research in the areas of public health microbiology and epidemiology
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Name 2 scientists whose work with caccines began the field of immunology
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Describe the quest for a "magic bullet"
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Name the fastest-growing scientific disciplines in microbiology today
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