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Cushing syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of corticol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland, or more commonly as a side effect of treatment with glucocorticoid hormones such as prednisone for asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus or other inflammatory diseases; symptoms include:
- upper body obesity
- facial puffiness
- hyperglycemia
- weakness
- thin and easily bruised skin with stretch marks
- hypertension
- osteoporosis
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adrenal virilism
excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen (male sex hormone) in adult woman owing to tumor or hyperplasia; evidenced by amenorrhea (absense of menstruation), acne, hirsutism, and deepening of the voice
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diabetes mellitus (DM)
metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas; evidenced by hyperglycemia and glucosuria
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insulin
hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Landerhans of the pancreas responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
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type 1 diabetes mellitus
diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin -- the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
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type 2 diabetes mellitus
diabetes in which the body produces insuline, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance -- the patient usually is not dependent on insulin for survival
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hyperinsulinism
condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
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pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
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hyperparathyroidism
hypersecretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
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hypoparathyroidism
hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
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pituitary gland (hypophysis)
considered the master gland because it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands, such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testicles
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acromegaly
disease characterized by enlarged features, especially the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary hormone after puberty, when normal bone growth has stopped; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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diabetes insipidus
condition of abnormal increase in urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin); symptoms include polyuria and polydipsia; urine appears colorless due to inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine
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pituitary dwarfism
condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth and causing a short yet proportionate stature -- often treated during childhood with growth hormone
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pituitary giantism
condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones; most often caused by a pituitary tumor
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goiter
enlargement of the thryoid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
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hyperthyroidism/Graves disease/thyrotoxicosis
condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter and tumor
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hypothyroidism
condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness, slow pulse, and often obesity
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myxedema
advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin
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cretinism
condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
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