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adrenal glands
located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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suprarenal glands
located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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steroid hormones
regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance; some effect on sexual characteristics
- Includes:
- - glucocorticoids
- - mineral corticosteroids
- - androgens
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epinephrine
affect sympathetic system stress response
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norepinephrine
affect sympathetic system stress response
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ovaries
located one on each side of the uterus in the female pelvis, functioning to secrete estrogen and progesterone
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estrogen
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
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progesterone
responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and the regulation of reproduction
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pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
located behind the stomach in front of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, functioning to secrete insulin and glucagon
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insulin
regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism
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glucagon
regulate carbohydrate/sugar metabolism
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parathyroid glands
located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck, functioning to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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pineal gland
located in the center of the brain, functioning to secrete melatonin and serotonin
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melatonin
exact function unknown; affects onset of puberty
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serotonin
a neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
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pituitary gland (hypophysis)
located at the base of the brain, the anterior pituitary secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and prolactin; the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
initiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
causes ovulation; stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes
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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
affects skin pigmentation
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growth hormone (GH)
influences growth
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prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
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oxytocin
influences uterine contraction
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testes
located one on each side within the scrotum in the male, functioning to secrete testosterone
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testosterone
affects masculinization and reproduction
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thymus gland
located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, functioning to secrete thymosin
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thymosin
regulates immune reponse
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thyroid gland
located in front of the neck, functioning to secrete triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin
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triiodothyronine (T3)
known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
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thyroxine (T4)
known as the thyroid hormones; regulate metabolism
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calcitonin
regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
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