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The outer and inner portions of the kidney are called
- Renal cortex (outer)
- Renal medulla (inner)
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How many pyramids are in the renal medulla
10-18
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Where is most of the blood found passing through the kidneys
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What is found in the medulla of the kidney
Straight tubules and collecting ducts
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What does the apex of the pyramids project into
Intitial part of the collecting system, Minor Calyces
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How many Nephrons are in a single kidney
1-4 million
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Nephron
The individual functional unit of the kidney
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Renal corpuscle is made up of
- Glomerular capillaries (glomerulus)
- Bowmans capsule
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What are the layers of the Bowmans capsule
Visceral and parietal
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What is found between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowmans capsule
Urinary space
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What does the urinary space feed into
Renal tubules (proximal convoluted tubule)
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What is the first step of urine formation
Filtrate in the Bowmans capsule derived from the Glomerular capillaries
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What is the vascular pole
This is the space between the afferent and efferent arterioles entering into the glomerulus
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Under normal circumstances, what size of molecules pass through into the urinary space
Molecules smaller then albumin (68kD)
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The Glomerulus has what type of endothelium
Fenestrated covered by Podocytes
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Podocytes
- Visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule with cellular extensions that divide into pedicels
- They are also phagocytic cells
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What is the difference in the Urinary pole and Vascular pole
- Urinary pole is where the urinary space empties into the Proximal convoluted tubule
- Vascular pole is where the Glomerular capillaries enter the Nephron
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Where are the nuclei of the Podocytes found
Bulging into the urinary space
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Extension of the Podocytes form what
Pedicels
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What size of molecules can fit through the filtration slits made by pedicels
<65 kD
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Filtration slit (sleeve)
Space between pedicels, they contain diaphragms giving them selectivity of what passes through convoluted tubule
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What is found between the pedicels and the glomerular capillaries (fenestrated endothelium)
Three layers of Basal lamina (lamina rara, lamina densa, lamina rara)
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What kind of charge is found between the Pedicels and the fenestrated epithelium of the glomerular capillaries
Negative charge
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Mesangial cells
- These are found in between the capillary loops of the arterioles in the glomerulus and in the vascular pole
- These cells are Contractile and Phagocytic
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Lacis cells (Extraglomerular mesangial)
- Cells found in the vascular pole
- These make Erythropoietin
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Intraglomerular mesangial cells
- These are the cells found between the Glomerular capillaries
- They can contract and phagocytose
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Macula Densa
These are cells from the distal convoluted tubule that are attached to the vascular pole via Lacis cells and Juxtaglomerular cells
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Longest tubule in the cortex
- Performs resorption of protein, majority of ions, glucose, and water
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What cell type is found in the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and how do they stain
- Simple cuboidal with long microvilli (brush border)
- Stains acidophilic
- Has basal striations
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What are the different limb types in the loop of Henle and what type of cells are they they made up of
- Thick limb (simple low cuboidal)
- Thin limb (simple squamous)
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Where is the Thin limb of the loop of Henle always found
In the medulla of the kidney
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What are the most important Nephrons and how prevelant are they
- Juxtamedullary nephrons
- They make up 1/7 of all of the nephrons
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What happens in the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle
- Na+ and Cl- are actively pumped into the collecting tubule
- It is impermeable to water
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What is the permeability of the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle
It is permeable to water
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What is the permeability of the ascending thin limb of the loop of Henle
- Na+ and Cl- passively diffuse into the collecting tubules
- It is impermeable to water
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Distal convoluted tubule is found where
In the cortex as the last segment of the Nephron
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What is the job of the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Controls the total salt and water content in the body
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What type of cells are found in the distal convoluted tubule
Simple cuboidal with few microvilli
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What is the effect of Aldosterone on the Distal convoluted tubule
Na+ is absorbed and K+ is secreted
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When looking at the PCT and DCT from a microscope, how can you tell the difference
- PCT is more acidophilic and has a brush border
- DCT has more nuclei and no brush border and a larger lumen
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Regulates the blood pressure by sensing the pressure and releasing Renin in response to low BP
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Juxtagolmerular cells are found where, and are made of what
- In the wall of the afferent arteriole
- Made of modified smooth muscle cells
- These cells sense BP and produce Renin when it is low
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What special ability do the Macula densa cells have
They can sense Na+ concentration in the distal convoluted tubule
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What is the sequential effect of Renin when released
- Angiotensinogen is converted to Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts Angtiotensin I to Angiotensin II in the lungs
- Angiotensin II stimulates the release of Aldosterone
- Aldosterone increases Na+ and H2O uptake increasing BP
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Collecting tubules merge into medullary rays to form
Cortical collecting ducts
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Cortical collecting ducts continue into
Pyramids where they merge to form large ducts
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Duct of Bellini
- aka. Large collecting ducts
- These open at the papilla into the minor calyx
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Principle cells
- Found in the collecting tubule, cortical collecting duct, and medullary collecting duct
- They respond to ADH and reabsorb water
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The Medullary collecting duct is made up of primarily what cells
- Principle cells (respond to ADH and reabsorb water)
- Few microvilli
- Clear cytoplasm
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Intercalated cells are found where, with what function
- Found in the collecting tubule and cortical collecting duct
- They actively secrete H+ into the urine
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Osmotic pressure in the loop of Henle changes how
The more distal from the cortex the higher the osmotic pressure
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Diabetes insipidus is caused by
Damage to the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus which decreases the amount of ADH released resulting in a failure to retain water
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What is the effect of high water intake on ADH
It inhibits ADH causing the body to excrete large volumes of water
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What is the path of arteries that the blood flows on the way to the glomerulus
- Renal artery
- Interlobar artery
- Arcuate artery
- Interlobular artery
- Afferent arterioles
- Glomerulus
- Efferent arteriole
- Peritubular capillary plexus (Vasa Recta)
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What are the capillaries surrounding the loop of Henle called
Vasa recta
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Starting with the Efferent arterioles, how does the blood leave the kidney
- Vasa recta (medulla)/Peritubular capillary plexus
- Interlobular veins
- Arcuate veins
- Interlobar veins
- Renal vein
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What portion of the kidney is covered in serosa
Only the anterior surface
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Where is transitional epithelium found in the urinary system
- Calyces
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder
- Prostatic urethra
- Female urethra
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What layers are found in the Calyces
- Mucosa
- Muscularis
- Adventitia (or serosa)
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What layers are found in the Ureter
- Mucosa (transitional epithelium)
- - Lamina propria
- Muscularis
- - Inner longitudinal
- - Outer circular
- Outer fibrous coat
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What is the difference in the muscular layer in the Ureters and esophagus
- Inner portion is the longitudinal
- Outer circular
- (esophagus is opposite)
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What muscle layers are in the Urinary bladder
- 3 layers
- Spiral
- Inner longitudinal
- Outer circular
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What path does urine travel from the bladder out in a male
- Urinary bladder
- Prostatic urethra
- Membranous urethra
- Penile urethra
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What cell type is found in the membranous urethra
Stratified columnar/psuedostratified columnar
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The penile urethra is made up of what cell type
Pseudostratified columnar/stratified columnar
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The female urethra is lined by
- Transitional epithelium near bladder
- Simple squamous non-karatinized
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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What is found in the lamina propria of the female and male urethra
Glands of Littre
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What muscles are found in the external sphincter of the female urethra
- Inner longitudinal
- Outer circular
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