post to parietal peritoneum to run parallel to the vert col to eventually join the UB inferiorly
what passes urine to outside of the body
urethra
what stores urine
UB
where does the UB lie
pelvic cavity post to the symphysis pubis & inf to parietal peritoneum
what happens to the many folds of the bladder when the bladder fills
smooth out
what is the trigone
internal floor of the UB in the shape of a triangle w/opening at each of its 3 angles
what are the main structures of the UB
body
neck
urethra
what type of innervation is the sensory detect the stretch of the UB
afferent innervation
what is the motor PNS fibers of the UB
efferent innervation
What is the micturation reflex
controlled by higher centers in the brain in response to increase in pressure, sustained pressure or basal tone of the bladder
how many layers does the UB wall have
4
What are the 4 layers of the UB wall
mucous coat
submucous coat
muscular coat
serous coat
when does the UB cellular thickness change
depends on how much urine it holds
which coat comprising the detrusor muscle
muscular coat
what muscle surrounds the neck of the bladder to form the internal urethral sphincter
detrusor muscle
what is micturition
urination
Explain Micturition
Detrusor musc contracts along w/adb wal & pelvic floor musc. Ext urethral sphincter relaxes & the micturition reflex center in the sP c sends PNS moto impulses to the detrusor muscle which causes it to contract
how much urine can the UB hold b4 pain receptors are stimulated
600ml
When does the urge to urinate occur
150ml
external urethral sphincter is under what type of control
conscious control
what lines the urethra
mucous mem
thick layer sm musc
the wall of the urethra has many mucous glands termed
urethral glands that secretes mucus into urethral canal
how long is urethra in females
4cm long opening via ext urethral orifcie=urinary meatus
explain the urethra in reference to males
part of the urinary/repro sys that extends from the bladder to the tip of the penis
what is the clinical relevance of the urethra
infection
bladder
catheterization
what is the formation of calculi
kidney stones
Urinary retention in males may develop with aging b/c of what
enlarge prostate gland
what happens to the #functional nephrons & glomeruli with aging
declines
Male sex cells
sperm
female sex cells
oocytes=eggs
the primary sex organs of males
2 testes=gonads
The accessory sex organs for males
internal & ext reproductive organs
size of testes
5cm long
3 cm dia
location of testes
scrotum
testis divided into what
250 lobules that contain 4 highly colied seminiferous tubules
the structures of the male repro system include:
2 epididymides
2 ductus deferentia
2 ejaculatory ducts
urethra
2 seminal vesicles
prostate gland
2 bulbourethral glands
tighlty coiled tubes connected to ducts w/in testis
epididymides
ductus deferentia
vasa deferentia
A muscular tube that ends post to the UB uniting w/duct of a seminal vesicle
ductus or vasa deferentia
what attach to the ductus deferens near the base of the UB
seminal vesicles
What do the seminal vesicles secrete
slighlty alkaline fluid that helps to regulate pH as sperm travel outside body
why does the seminal vesicle secrete fluid
aids in sperm movement with the secretions containing fructose for energy & protaglandins for contractions
what surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra slightly inf to the UB
prostage gland
what does the prostate gland secrete
milky fluid that neutralized acidic fluid containing sperm cells
what does prostatic fluid enhance
motilitiy of the sperm cells & helps neutralize the vagina's acidic serections
what are cowper's glands
bulbourethral glands
what do the cowper's gland do
secrete a mucus like fluid in response to sexual stimulation that lubricates the end of the penis to prepare for intercouse=semen
the seminiferous tubules form ducts that join what
epididymis
A tube that coils on the outer surface of the testis & becomes the ductus deferens
epididymis
what forms sperm cells that line the seminiferous tubules
spermatogenic cells
what produce & secretes male sex hormones
cells of leydig
describe the sperm cell
flat head
cylinder shaped body
long tail
where in the sperm is the 23 chromosomes located
head has a nucleus & compacted chromatin
how does the tail/flagellum move
ATP via mitochondria that propells sperm cells through its containing fluid
Explain spermatogonia
migration among the sertoli cells that become spermatocytes (46) & spermatids (23) along with spermatazoa
where does the production of spermatogenesis happen
sem tubules
ant pit stimulation
What is the role of the epididymis in spermatogenesis
maturation
What are the 3 steps of spermatogenesis
spermatogonia
production
maturation
what is an important function of the scrotum
protects & controls temp of the testes which is important for sex cell production
What consists of a pouch of skin & subcutaneous tissue hanging from the lower abd region post to the penis
scrotum
the urethra passes through what
penis
how many columns of erectile tissue does the shaft contain
3
how does the urethra extend through the penis
extends through the corpus spongiosum & enlarges at its distal end to form the cone shaped glans
what encloses the penis
layer of conn tissue
thin layer subcut tissue
skin
explain the male sex act
glans penis
pudendal nerve
sacral plexus
sp cord
brain
drive
filling of sex organs:erection, lubricaiton, emission
primary sex organs for females
2 ovaries=gonads that produce female sex cells & sex hormones
accessory sex organs for female
internal & external repro organs
female repro system includes
2 uterine tube=fallopian tubes=oviducts
uterus
vagina
where are the fallopian tubes open near
ovaries
how long are the fallopian tubes
10cm long & open into uterine cavity
size of ovaries
3.5cm long by 2 cm wide by 1 cm thick
where do ovaries lie
shallow depressions in lat pelvic cavity wall
before birth a female fetus develops small cell groups in the outer ovarian cortex that form what
primoridal follicles that consist of primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells
explain the production of oocytes to eggs
primordial ova
granulosa cells
primordial follicle
primary oocyte
2nd oocyte
ovum enters abd cavity
where is the location of the uterus
ant pelvic cavity sup to vagina
what is the lower 3rd of the uterus called
cervix
how many layers make up the uterine wall
3
what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall
endometrium
myometrium
permetrium
inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall
endometrium
thick muscular middle layer of uterine wall
myometrium
outer serosal layer covering the body of the uterus & part of the cervix
perimetrium
explain the endometrium thickness in regards to the monthly cycle
proliferative phase=11 days
secretoryi phase=12 days
menstrual phase=5 days
how long is the vagina
9cm long
where does the vagina extend from
uterus distal to the outside body
what partially covers the vaginal orifice
hymen
The external accessory organs of the female repro include
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestigular glands
these surround the openings of the urethra & vagina composing=vulva
what encloses & protects other external repro organs
labia majora
where do the labia minora lie
btwn labia majora & are flattened folds of connective tissue
what projects from the ant end of the vulva btwn labia minor
clitoris
what encloses the vestibula into which the vagina opens post
labia minora
what lies on each side of the vaginal opening
1 vestibular gland
female response to pregnancy
wt gain
increase in BMR
nutrient storage
increased CO
increased BV
RR to facilitate ventilation increase
increased urine formation
specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy
mammary glands
what are located in the subcut tissue of the ant thorax w/in breasts
mammary glands
what makes up the mammary glands
15 to 20 lobes that contain alveolar glands & alveolar duct which leads to a lactiferous duct & a nipple
what stimulates breast development at puberty for lactation
