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1. Another name for osteogenesis is ______________.
ossification
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What are the three stages of osteogenesis?
- Bone formation
- Postnatal bone growth
- Bone remodeling and repair
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When does bone formation occur?
begins in the 2nd month of development
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When does postnatal bone growth occur?
until early adulthood
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When does bone remodeling and repair occur?
lifelong
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What are the two types of ossification?
- Intramembranous
- Endochondral
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Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane in _______________ ossification.
Intramembranous
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Intramembranous ossification forms _____ ________.
flat bone
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Examples of flat bone include what?
clavicles and cranial bones
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Cartliage bone forms by replacing hyaline cartliage in ______________ ossification.
Endochondral
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Endochondral ossification forms what?
most of the rest of the skeleton
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Endochondral ossification uses _________ _________ models.
hyaline cartliage
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Endochondral ossification recquires hyaline cartliage prior to ___________.
ossification
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Interstitial growth takes place __________ the bone.
inside
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_______________ growth increases length of of long bone.
Interstitial
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________________ growth increases thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts one bone surface.
Appositional
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What are the 4 functional zones that epiphyseal plate cartliage organize into?
- Proliferation (growth)
- Hypertrophic
- Calcification
- Ossification (osteogenic)
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What stimulates epiphyseal plate activity?
growth hormones
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What hormone modulates activity or growth hormone?
thyroid
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What hormones are released at puberty?
testosterone and estrogen
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Testosterone and estrogen promotes what?
adolescent growth spurts
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End growth by inducing __________ _________ __________.
epiphysial plate growth
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__________ ___________ occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed.
bone deposit
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Bone deposit recquires a diet rich in what?
- protein
- vitamins C, D, and A
- calcium
- phosphorus
- magnesium
- manganese
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In bone resorption, osteoclasts secrete __________ _________ and __________.
lysomal enzymes & acids
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What digest organic matrix?
Lysomal enzymes
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_______ convert calcium salts into soluble forms.
acids
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Dissolved matrix is transcytosed across ____________, enters ___________ fluid and then ___________.
osteoclast, interstital, blood
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What controls continual remodeling of bone?
Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood, mechanical & gravitational forces
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__________ is necessary for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells, and cell division.
Calcium
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