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Types of Deformation
- 1.) elastic deformation – rock will return to original size & shape after the force is removed.
- (Elastic limit – point at which a rock breaks)
2.) brittle deformation – rock breaks
3.) ductile deformation – rock bends and doesn’t return to original shape when the force is removed.
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Types of Stress (Force acting upon a rock)
- Ithostatic (confining) presssure– equal in all directions;
- changes size, not shape
differential stress – not equal in all directions
- compressional stress –pushing together
- -shortens & thickens crust
- -at convergent plate boundaries
- tensional stress – pulling apart
- -lengthens & thins crust
- -at divergent plate boundaries
- shear stress – parallel; forces in opposite directions
- -at transform & convergent
- -plate boundaries
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Orogeny
Mountain building event
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Angle of Repose
Steepest angle of which unconsolidated material is stable
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How is Mass Movement Classified?
Type of material
Type of motion
Velocity
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Ore
Rock that contains a desired material in concentrations economic to extract
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Liquefaction
- Occurs in water saturated sediments
- -amplifies vibrations
- -sinks structures
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How is a Tsunami generated in an earthquake?
Underwater EQ moves the seafloor up at a fault, pushing water up before it crashes down
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Epicentre
Point on Earths surface, directly above the focus
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Focus
First movement on a fault (where earthquake begins)
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Primary Wave
(P Wave)
Body Wave (travels through earth)
- Compressional "push & pull" motion
- Fastest waves
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Secondary Waves
(S Waves)
Body Wave (travels through earth)
- Shear "side to side" motion
- Always slower than P Waves
- Cannot travel through liquids
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Rayleigh Waves
-Surface Wave: travels along earths surface
Up-and-down movement
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Love Waves
-Surface Wave: travels along earths surface
Side to side movement
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How does a Seismograph work
Works through inertia (ground moves under an object that wants to stay at rest)
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What is Modified Mercalli Index? Why is it useful to scientist?
- Measures intensity (degree of shaking)
- Helps us see how the damage can vary from one earthquake to another
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Isostasy
Crust floating in gravitational balance
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Pegmatites?
- Last part of an igneous intrusion to cool
- Can be enriched in incompatible elements
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Kimberlites?
- Volcanic pipe from the mantle
- Ex. Diamond
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Resources
Total amount of a geologic material in all deposits, discovered and undiscovered
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Reserves
Discovered resources that are economic to extract under conditions such as economics, technology, and politics
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Shield (of continent)
Old original part of continent
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Basement (of continent)
Older metamorphic & intrusive igneous rocks upon which younger sediments rest
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Terrane
Crustal block with a different history than surrounding blocks
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Different grades of coal are?
- Peat
- Lignite
- Bitumunous
- Anthracite
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Four things you need to have an oil deposit are?
- Source Rock-organic rich shale
- Must pass through oil window
- Reservoir Rock-good porosity & good permeability
- Trap-impermeable
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Oil Window
Conditions (temperature) needed to make oil
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What causes Hydrothermal mineral deposits?
Hot water circulating through rock
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Vein Deposit
Tabular body of minerals deposited in a crack
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Disseminated Deposit
minerals scattered along tiny cracks in a large volume of rock, extracted by open pit mines
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Fold & Thrust Mountains form in?
continent-continent collision environments
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How do fault block mountains form?
by movement on normal faults
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