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A combination of people, hardware, softeware, networks, and data resources.
It collects, transfroms, and disseminates information in an organization.
Information Systems
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Information systems support what (3) things in Business?
- 1. Business processes and
- operations,
2. Business decision making,
3. Strategic competitive advantage
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Major categories of computer systems are?
– microcomputers,
– midrange computers,
– mainframe computers.
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Computer systems consist of ? (2)
(1) Computers (CPU) (processing)
(2) Peripherals - input, output, and secondary data storage devices
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What are the (2) Major IS categories ?
1. Operations Support Systems
– Transaction Processing Systems
– Process Control Systems
– Enterprise Collaboration Systems
2. Management Support Systems
– Management Information Systems (MIS)
–Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
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Electronic Business Systems consist of ?
1. Functional Business Systems
2. Enterprise (Cross-Functional) Business Systems
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Functional Business Systems support what?
- support traditional business functions and operations like:
- –Marketing
- –Accounting
- –Finance
- –Production/operations/manufacturing
- –Human resource management
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What crosses the boundaries of traditional business functions:?
- Enterprise (Cross-Functional) Business Systems
- like:
- – Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
- – Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
- – Supply Chain Management (SCM)
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What controls the creation and use of databases?
Database management system (DBMS)
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What supports communication,
coordination and collaboration?
• Collaboration System (Groupware)
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Define E-commerce?
is buying and selling of products, services, and information over the Internet and extranets.
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What are (3) categories of E-commerce?
– Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
- – Business-to-Business (B2B)
- – Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
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Information systems support
decisions for the three levels of management
activity such as?
- Strategic (unstructured decisions)
- Tactical (semi-structured decisions)
- Operational (structured decisions)
- Unstructured decisions - can
- NOT be specified at advance.
- Structured decisions - can
- be specified at advance
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What are (3) Management Support Systems?
- 1. Traditional Management Information Systems (MIS) à reporting function - for structured
- decisions
- 2. Decision Support Systems
- (DSS)
- - use analytical models (a model base)
- - Interactive
- - semistructured decisions
3. Executive Information Systems (EIS)
- -provide strategic information for the needs of executives and
- other decision makers
- -some MIS and DSS features + more graphics.
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What is a traditional form of reports,
Periodic Scheduled Reports - a pre-specified format on a regular basis.
examples - weekly sales analysis reports, etc.
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What type of report is generated when a specific set of conditions occur.
Exception Reports.
- when some process exceeds given parameters and requires management action.
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What type of reports provide information whenever a manager demands it.
Demand Reports and Responses
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What type of reports provides information that is pushed
to a manager’s networked PC?
- Push Reporting
- - webcasting software selectively broadcasts reports over the company’s intranet.
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Define,Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
to analyze complex relationships among large amounts of data stored.
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What are the Basic OLAP?
1. Consolidation - aggregation of data.
- 2. Drill-Down – (opposite to #1) -
- displaying detailed data that comprises consolidated data
- 3 .Slicing and Dicing - looking at the
- database from different viewpoints.
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Define, Decision support system (DSS)?
- is an interactive computer-based IS that uses an analytical
- model (a model base) to support semi-structured and
- unstructured decision making.
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A ________ is a software component that consists of
models used in analytical and computational routines.
Model Base
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This is a science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology,
linguistics, mathematics, and engineering.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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What works to develop computer functions normally associated with human intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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What are (3) major scientific areas of AI?
- 1. Cognitive Science
- 2. Robotics
- 3. Natural Interface
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The Major AI business application areas are?
- – Expert Systems
- – Neural Networks
- – Fuzzy Logic
- – Genetic Algorithms
- – Virtual Reality
- – Intelligent Agents
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What is a knowledge-based IS that uses its knowledge about a specific complex application area to act as an expert consultant to end users?
Expert System (ES)
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Define, Neural Networks
- •Computing systems modeled after the brain’s
- mesh-like network of interconnected processing elements, called neurons.
- This enables the network to
- learn to recognize patterns
- and relationships in the data it processes
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What is a method of reasoning that allows for approximate values and inferences?
Fuzzy Logic
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What simulate a Darwinian evolutionary process that yields increasingly
better solutions to a
problem.
- Genetic Algorithms
- • useful when thousands of solutions arepossible.
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Componets of Virtual Reality (VR):
- • is a computer-simulated reality
- • virtual worlds - through sight, sound, and touch.
- • uses special devices
- • applications: computer-aided design (CAD), medical diagnostics, flight simulators, video games.
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___________ is a software surrogate that fulfills (accomplishes) specific tasks for end users. It •uses built-in and learned knowledge about how an end user behaves
Intelligent Agent (IA)
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What are (2) (IA) categories for business computing?
- 1. User Interface Agents
- 2. Information Management Agents
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What are the (5) processes of Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
1. Systems Investigation ( Product: Feasibility Study)
2. Systems Analysis (Product: Functional Requirements)
- 3. Systems Design (Product: System
- Specifications)
- 4. Systems Implementation (Product:
- Operational System)
- 5. Systems Maintenance. (Product:
- Improved System)
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___________is the rapid development and testing of working models (prototypes) of new applications in
iterative, interactive process with extensive end-user involvement.
Prototyping
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Application development using prototyping - steps:
1.Identify Requirements.
2.Develop Prototype.
3.Revise Prototype.
4.Use and Maintain the System.
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Feasibility - major categories:
- •Operational Feasibility: how well a proposed information system supports the
- objectives of the organization.
- •Technical Feasibility: whether suitable hardware and software can be
- acquired or developed.
- •Economic Feasibility: (cost/benefit
- analysis): whether the proposed IS benefits are greater than costs. - tangible and intangible costs and benefits
- •Human Factors Feasibility
- -Political /Legal Feasibility
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Whic of the (SDLC) answers the questions:
–What are our opportunities?
–What are our priorities?
–Can IS be used to address our
needs?
Systems Investigation
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Which of the (SDLC) answers the question:
•WHAT the system should do ?
Systems Analysis
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HOW will the system accomplish
the objectives ?
- Systems Design
- 1. User Interface Design.
- 2. Data Design.
- 3. Process Design
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Reduction of user fear and resistance to change includes:
- –Educating employees on the need for change.
- –Training employees in core competencies.
- –Developing ways to measure and reward performance.
- –Analyzing the impact of changebefore committing it.
- –Encouraging direct user involvement in organizational change and system development.
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____________is the unauthorized use, access, modification, and destruction of information,
hardware, software or network resources, and the unauthorized release of information.
Computer crime
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Categories of Computer Crimes
- 1. Hacking - unauthorized access and use of
- networked computers
- 2. Cyber Theft - electronic breaking and
- entering involving the theft of money.
- 3. Unauthorized Use at Work
- 4. Piracy - unauthorized copying of software.
- 5. Computer Viruses and Worms - spread destructive program routines that can result in destroying the contents of memory, hard disks, and
- other storage devices
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the goal - to design healthy work environments that are safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people to work in can be define as?
Ergonomics
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Security measures of the E-Business
- -Encryption.
- -Fire Walls.
- -Denial of Service Defenses.
- -Monitoring E-Mail
- -Virus Defenses
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Levels of service in the case of a computer system failure:
- 1.Fail-Over Fault Tolerance. Redundant
- processors, peripherals or software take over in the event of a system error.
- 2.Fail-Safe Fault Tolerance. Computer
- systems continue to operate at the same level even if there is a major failure.
3.Fail-Soft Tolerance. Computer systems continue to operate at a reduced level.
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____________ are methods and devices
that ensure the accuracy, validity, and propriety of IS activities.
Information System Controls
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Key areas for IS control include....
- • Input Controls.
- • Processing Controls (Hardware and Software Controls)
- - Fire walls.
- - Checkpoints.
- • Output Controls.
- • Storage Controls.
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The purchase of goods or services from third-party partners that were previously
provided internally.
Outsourcing
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Relocation of an organization’s business processes to a lower-cost location, (usually overseas)
Offshoring
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