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The mouth is formed by the opening of the buccopharyngeal membrane when
4th week
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The opening of the anus and urethra happens when
7th week when the cloacal membrane ruptures
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What is the blood supply to the Foregut
Celiac artery
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What is the blood supply to the midgut
Superior mesentaric artery (SMA)
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What is the blood supply to the hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
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What structures are in the foregut
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Top of duodenum
- Stomach
- Esophagus
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What areas are part of the Pharyngeal gut
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What structures are part of the midgut
- Duodenum (distal portion)
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Colon (up to midpoint in transverse)
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What structures are part of the Hindgut
- Colon (half of transverse down)
- Rectum
- Anal canal
- Sigmoid colon
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How is the intraembryonic cavity formed
An arm from each side of the embryonic cavity located dorsal to the neural tube, wraps around the gut tube leaving the intraembryonic cavity separating the gut tub from the amnionic cavity
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Where is the dorsal mesentary located before the stomach rotation
On the dorsal side of the gut tube connecting it to dorsal body wall
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What is the definition of mesentery
Double layers of peritoneum that enclose an organ and connect it to the body wall
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What organs are located in the dorsal mesentery before stomach rotation
- Tail of pancreas
- Spleen
- Stomach
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What organ is located in the ventral mesentery before the rotation of the stomach
Liver
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Dorsal mesentery is found attached where from superior to inferior
Lower end of the esophagus to cloacal region of the hindgut
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What mesentery forms the falciform ligament and lesser omentum
Ventral
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What artery is found in the mesentery proper
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
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What artery is found in the dorsal mesocolon
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)
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What mesentery eventually forms the greater omentum
Dorsal mesogastrium
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In what regions is the ventral mesentery found from superior to inferior
Terminal esophagus, stomach (lesser curvature), to the upper part of the duodenum
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What layers of the esophagus are derived from visceral mesoderm
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Adventitia/serosa
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What is the only portion of the esophagus derived from endoderm
Epithelial lining and glands
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When does the respiratory diverticulum begin to develop
Week 4
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Esophageal atresia is almost always associated with
Polyhydramnios
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What are the histological changes that the esophageal epithelium undergoes during development
- Stratified columnar
- Occlusion of lumen
- Reopen with simple columnar epithelium (Barretts)
- Multilayered ciliated columnar
- Sratified squamous
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What is the condition called when the epithelium in the esophagus is simple columnar instead of Non-karetenized stratified squamous
Barretts esophagus
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When does the stomach first appear and what does it look like
4th week, dilation of the foregut
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How does the stomach position change during development
It rotates 90º clockwise
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Where are the vagus nerves and ventral/dorsal mesentery before and after stomach rotation
Vagus nerves are on the lateral sides and the mesentery are ventral and dorsal before rotation
- The vagus nerves end up having the left vagus on the anterior wall and right vagus posterior wall of stomach
- Dorsal mesentery ends up of the left side of the stomach and ventral on the right
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The greater omentum is formed by the
Continual growth of the dorsal mesentary
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The gastric epithelium develops how
Rugae appear first, then the gastric pits
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When does HCl production begin
Shortly before birth
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When a baby has projectile vomiting habitually following feeding what would you be suspicious of
Congenital pyloric stenosis
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The spleen is dervied from
Mesoderm (sandwiched between dorsal mesentery)
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Define intraperitoneal
Organs that are enclosed by a double layer of peritoneum that connects it to the body wall
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Define retroperitoneal
Organs that lie against the posterior body wall and are covered by a single layer of peritoneum on their anterior surface (non-mobile)
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How does the function of the spleen change in development
Initially it functions as a hematopoietic organ and from the 4th month on it begins transformation into a lymphatic structure
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When the spleen eventually becomes a lymphatic structure at month four, what cells arrive first
T precursor cells and then B cells
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How do the pancreas and duodenum end up becoming retroperitoneal
They are pressed against the dorsal body wall and fuse with the peritoneum
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What happens to the duodenum during the 2nd month of development
There is epithelial proliferation, obliteration of the lumen, followed by recanalization (cavity formation)
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When does the liver begin to bud from the gut tube
4th week of development
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What is in the ventral mesogastrium
Falciform ligament and lesser omentum together
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The septum transversum during early development is located
Between the developing heart and liver
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Septum transversum becomes
Central tendon of the diaphragm and ventral mesentery
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The Septum transversum appears when, and is derived from
- Appears on day 22
- Splanchnic mesoderm
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Where on the liver is there no peritoneum
Where it is in contact with the diaphragm
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What is the space called behind the lesser omentum and stomach
Epiploic foramen of Winslow
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How do the functions of the liver change during development
- Hematopoiesis - 5-6th weeks
- Bile production - 12th week
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Meconium
First bowel movement
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The epithelial lining of the bile ducts and mucosal glands of the gallbladder are derived from
Endodermal derivatives
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The lamina propria, muscularis externa, and adventitia of gallbladder are derived from
Mesodermal derivatives
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Both the endocrine and exocrine portions of the pancreas are derived from
Endoderm
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Glucogon and Insulin are first detected in the fetal plasma when
- Glucogon - 15th week
- Insulin - 5th month
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Why in pregnancy of a diabetic is the baby larger
Glucose crosses the placenta and stimulates fetal islets accelerating their development and insulin secretion thus causing the storage of fats
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The ascending and descending colon are what type of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
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Omphalocele
Failure of return of the intestinal loop into the body cavity after physiological herniation (intestines are outside the body wall)
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Gastrochisis
Herniation of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall directly into the amniotic cavity (not covered by amnion or peritoneum)
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The anus and urinary tract develop from
The cloaca subdividing into the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus divided by the urorectal septum
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Blood supply to the anal canal is
- Cranial portion - Superior rectal artery (IMA)
- Caudal portion - Inferior rectal artery (branch of internal pudendal)
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Imperforate anus
No anal opening
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Rectoanal atresia and fistula
Ectopic positioning of the anus, opening into the urethra
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Differentiation of the primitive gut tube into different organs depend on
Interaction between mesoderm HOX genes and Endoderm Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH) genes
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What is the role of HOX genes in gut development
They dictate the type of structure that will form when induced by Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH)
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