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Classification
The arrangement of organisms into groups
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Taxonomy
The science fo biological classification; it consists of three parts: classification, nomenclature and identification
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Identification
determination of taxon to which an isolate belongs
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Nomenclature
assignment of names to taxa
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Systematics
The scientific study of organisms with the ultimate objective of characterizing and arranging them in an orderly manner; often considered synonymous with taxonomy
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Define strain
a population of organisms that descends from a single organism or pure culture isolate
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Define phenons
organisms with great similarity are grouped together and separated from dissimilar organisms
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Define Dendogram
a treelike diagram that is used to summarize mutual similarities and relationships between organisms
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Define akinetes
specialized, non motile, dormant, thick-walled resting cells formed by some cyanobacteria
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Bordetella pertussis
is a gram negative, aerobic coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough.
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Clostridium
botulism, tetanus, food poisoning
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Streptomyces somaliensis
actinomycetoma (an infection of subcutaneous tissue that produce lesions and lead to swelling, abscesses, and even bone destruction. Pathogenic to humans
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Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
allergic disease of the respiratory system in agricultural workers
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Mycoplasma
contagious bovine plueropneumonia in cattle, chronic respiratory disease in chicken, pneumonia in swine, and primary atypical pnueumonia in humans
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Enterococcus
Urinary tract infection, and endocarditis
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Helicobacter pylori
gastritis and peptic ulcers
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Rickettsia rickettsii
rocky mountain spotted fever
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Yersinia
Plague and reactive arthritis
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Neisseria
gonorhoeae and bacterial meningitis
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Actinomycetes
actinomycoses, ocular infections and peridontal disease
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Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
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Psuedomonas
UTI, respiratory system infections, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia and a variety of systemic infection
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Staphylococcus epi
endocarditis (wound, surgical and UTI)
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Streptococcus mutans
dental caries
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Treponema pallidum
syphilis
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Corynebacteria
diphtheria
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Coxiella burnettii
Q fever
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Bacillus
food poisoning, anthrax
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Propionobacterium
body odor and acne
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Gardnerella
bacterial vaginitis
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Streptococcus pyrogenes
strep throat, glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic fever
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What is the order of classifications below the domain or kingdom?
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Define phonetic system
a classification system that group organism together based in the similarity of their observable characteristics
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Define phylogentic system
a classification system based on evolutionary relationship rather than the general similiarity of characteristics
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Spirochetes
A flexible, spiral shaped bacterium. Syphilis and lyme disease
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Salmonella
typhoid fever and gastroenteritis
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Staphylococcus aureus
food poisoning, skin and wound infections
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Listeria monocytogenes
a pathogen of humans and other animals and causes listeriosis, an important food infection
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Haemophilus influenzae type b
a major human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases including meningitis, sinusitis, pneumonia and bronchitis
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Mineralization
the conversion of organic nutrients into inorganic material during microbial growth and metabolism
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Nitrification
the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
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Conidiospores
spores that are not enclosed in a sac but produces at the tips or sides of the hypha
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Sporangiospores
develop within a sac (sporangium) at a hyphal tip
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oocyst
cyst formed around a zygote of malaria and related protozoa
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Elementary bodies
a small, dormant body that serves as the agent of transmission between host cells in the chlamydial life cycle
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Heterocysts
specialized cells of cyanobacteria that are the sites if nitrogen fixation
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chlorosomes
elongated, intramembranes vesicles found in the green sulfur and nonsulfur bacteria; they contain light harvesting pigments. Sometimes called chlorobium vesicles
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trichromes
a row or filment of microbial cells that are in close contact with one another over a large area
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thallus
a type of body that is devoid of root, stem, or leaf; characteristics of fungi
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Species
- collection of strains that share many stable properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains
- collection of organisms that share the same sequences in their core housekeeping genes
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biovars
biochemical or physiological differences
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serovars
have distinctive antigenic properties
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morphovar
differ morphologically
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catalase
an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of hydrogen peroxide
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coagulase
an enzyme that induces blood clotting; it is characteristically produced by pathogenic staphylococci
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substrate mycelium
in the actinomycetes and fungi, hyphae that are on the surface and may penetrate into the solid medium on which the microbes are growing
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aerial mycelium
the mat of hyphae formed by actinomycetes or fungi that grows above the substrate, imparting a fuzzy appearance to colonies
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numerical taxonomy
the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units into taxa based on their character states
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beta hemolysis
- complete lysis of red blood cells
- seen as clear zone around colony on blood agar
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alpha hemolysis
- incomplete lysis of red blood cells
- seen as greenish zone around colony on blood agar
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gamma hemolysis
the agar under and around the colony is unchanged
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Genus
well defined group of one or more species that is clearly separated from other genera.
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Parts of a spirochetes: protoplasmic cylinder, axial filament
- spirochetes are slender, long, bacteria with a flexible, helical shape.
- The central protoplasmic cylinder contains cyto plasm and the nucleoid is bounded by a plasma membrane and a gram negative cell wall.
- the whole complax of periplasmic flagella in the axial filament, lies inside a flexible outer sheath
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What is the correct way (s) to represent a particular organism with the binomial system?
- Microbiologist name microorganism by using binomial system.
- The first part is the generis name (the genus)
- The second is species name, is stable; the oldest epithet for a particular organism takes precedence and must be used
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How are computers used?
computer analyzes using pattern recognition software as well as software that calculates phylogentic relationships.
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What type of photosynthetic bacteria is capable of oxygenic photosynthesis?
Cyanobacteria
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What is the infectious stage of chlamydiae?
Elementary body
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What are electron sources of anoxygenic photosythetic bacteria?
Hydrogen sulfide, Sulfur, hydrogen and organic molecules
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Which bacteria deposit granules outside of the cell?
green sulfur bacteria
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What is degraded by Bacteroides in the intestinal tract?
Cellulose, pectin, complex carbohydrates
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Which bacteria deposit granules inside the cell?
purple bacteria
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What bacteria are radiation resistant?
Deinococcus
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What bacteria contain both chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B?
Prochlorphytes- which lacks phycobilins
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What is the largest group of proteobacteria?
gammaproeobacteria
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What bacteria grow symbiotically within root nodules?
rhizobium
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What genera fix nitrogen non symbiotically?
Azotobacter
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What bacteria cause infections in cystic fibrosis patients?
psuedomonas aeruginosa
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What places is Veillonella part of normal microflora?
mouth and gastointestinal tract
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What are characteristics of Mycoplasmas?
- resistant to penicillin
- susceptiple to lysis by osmotic shock
- lack peptidoglycan
- they are the smallest organisms capable of independent reproduction
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What bacteria are used in production of buttermilk and cheese?
lactobacillus lactis
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What % of the human fecal flora is bacteroides?
20%
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What is the morphology of actinomycetes?
are a bacteria with a fungal morphology, they transition forms from bacteria and fungi.
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What species of clostridium is pathogenic?
Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum
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Define Binary Fission
asexual reproduction in which a cell or organism separates into two identical daughter cells
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Conjugation
- the form of gene transfer and recombination in procaryotes that requires cell to cell contact
- a complex form of sexual reproduction commonly employed by protists
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Taxa
a group into which related organisms are classified
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What kingdom is all prokaryotic organisms classifed?
Monera
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How many kingdoms are organisms classied?
- Six
- Plants, Animals, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, fungi, protist
- PAAEFP
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What are characteristics of Lactobacillus?
- long, regular rods, non sporing, rarely motile
- fermentative, at least half the end product is lactate; requires rich. complex media; catalase and cytochrome negative
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What are characteristics of propionibacterium?
- pleomorphic nonmotile rods, may be forked or branched; non sporing
- fermentation produces propionate and acetate and often gas; catalase positive
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What type of cell wall dos cyanobacteria have?
has a thick, gelatinous cell wall
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What type of organisma are chlamydias?
Chlamydia is both an organism and a disease. Chlamydia is the genus name of small obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria.
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What bacillius species is used as biological insecticide?
Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis
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What are characteristics of thermoactinomyces?
branched, septate mycelium resembles those of actinomycetes
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What are the general characteristics of protists?
- All protists are eukaryotic.
- That is, all protists have cells with nuclei. In addition, all protists live in
- moist environments.
- Protists can be unicellular or
- multicellular. Some protists are heterotrophs, while others are autotrophs
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What are the types of vacuoles found in protists?
- Contractile vacuoles
- secretory vacuoles
- food vacuoles
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What are the types of pseudopods found in protozoa?
- lobopodia
- filopodia
- reticulopodia
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What is the most common method of asexual reproduction in protists?
binary fission
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What characteristics of diatoms?
- photosynthetic and have a frustule composed of 2 halves
- can reproduce asexually
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What group is responsible for toxiz red tides?
Dinoflagellates
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What are characteristics of dinoflagellate?
- single-celled organisms. There are nearly 2000 known living species. Some are
- bacterial in size, while the largest, Noctiluca, can be up to two
- millimeters in size. This is large enough to be seen by the unaided eye.
- move using a tail-like structure called a flagellum.
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What type of environment does require a contracile vacuole?
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What does apical complex do and where is it located?
- is located at one end of the cell
- aids in penetration of host cells
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Which of apicomplexan caused coccidiosis?
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What ype of nucleus is most common observed in protists?
vesicular nucleus
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What are the characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica?
- cysts pass thorugh the stomach unharmed
- grazes on the bacteria in the intestine
- produces enzymes that degrade epithelial tissue
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Members if the genus thermoactinomyces
- produces endospores
- commonly found in damp haystacks and compost piles
- are thermophiles
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What filamentous bacteria is used in antibiotic production?
- bacitracin
- gramicidin
- polymyxin
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What shape are actinomyces?
straight or slightly curved rods that typically have swollen or club ends
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