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Agnatha
- jawles fishes, similar to ancestral vertebrates
- Ex: lampreys
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Chondrichthyes
- cartilaginous fish; not our ancestor (side branch from Agnatha)
- Ex: shark
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Osteichthyes
- bony fish, ancestors of amphibians
- Ex: tuna, bass
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Amphibia
water-dwelling larvae, land-dwelling adult, respiration: lungs and/or skin, ancestors of reptiles
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Reptilia
- land-dwellers with 4 limbs, respiration: lungs, embryo surrounded by amnion, born in shelled egg or live, ancestors of birds and mammals
- Ex: lizards, snakes
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Aves
- 2 wings + 2 legs, respiration: lungs, endothermic, shelled amniotic eggs, descended from reptiles
- Ex: birds
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Mammalia
- descended from reptiles in a separate branch from Aves
- hair, 4 limbs, 4-chambered heart, diaphram for respiration, mammary glands, internal fertilization, some have placental development
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