3. Fungi and Algae

• eukaryotic
• contains a nucleus and chloroplasts and a cell wall (usually)

• most are autotrophs - can synthesize all their organic compounds from inorganic compounds
• contain chloroplasts with chlorophyll to carry out photosyntehsis
• some are heterotrophs - need additional nutrients from the environment

some algae sense light and move toward it, improves photosynthesis

• can posses flagella with 9+2 microtubule arrangement, have between 1-4
• gliding motion in diatoms

• thick cell wall of cellulose most exaggerate in dinoflagellates
• diatoms have complex appearance to cell wall, absorb silica from environment

• similar to bacterial endospore
• thick outer coat, lower metabolism, no nutrients
• protects against drying

• spore production - genetically identical, disperse readily
• fragmentation of filaments - each fragment is a new individual
• binary fission
• multiple fission

union of 2 haploid cells of different mating types to form a diploid individual with a different compostion than each parent

• based on cell presence and composition as well as any special structures
• forms of motility
• divisions

• green algae
• sexual and asexual reproduction
• cellulose, CaCO3 cell wall
• most non-motile

• plant-like characteristics - chloroplasts
• animal-like characteristics - no cell wall, hetertrophic behavior
• phototactic- red eye spot
• asexual reproduction by binary fission

• golden-brown, yellow-green algae, diatoms
• diatoms glide, others have flagella
• reproduction mostly asexual

• dinoflagellates - cellulose plates
• reproduction asexual by fission

• primary producers of O2 from phytoplankton
• important part of food chain
• diatomaceous earth
• agar

• unpleasant taste to drinking water
• fouling up swimming pools and beaches
• shellfish poisoning - only human disease caused by algae

• dinoflagellates produce extracellular toxin
• released into water during algal bloom (red tide)
• concentrated by shellfish who eat algae

• domoic acid - heat stable
• short-term memory loss

• saxitoxin - heat labile
• paralysis face, arms, legs

• eukaryotic
• have cell wall
• no chloroplasts

• yeast
• mold

• multicellular, joined together in filaments called hyphae
• collection of hyphae called mycelium

both yeast and mold form depending on environmental conditions

• heterotrophs: must obtain nutrients from environment
• yeast absorb directly, prefer moisture
• molds also absorb directly

must obtain nutrients from environment

• thick cell walls - composed of chitin, peptidomannans
• capsules - protect against phagocytosis

• yeast - budding, type of fission
• molds - aerial mycelia

• fusion of specialized sex cells which are haploid
• - rare, results in diploid zygote

• hyphal structure
• type of reproduction

• decomposers of waste
• food preparation
• drugs used for treating human disease - antibiotics, ergot, enzymes in biological research, experimental organism for research

• food spoilage
• shower mold
• allergies

• aflatoxin - cause liver damage, cancer
• ergot poisoning - from mold that grow on grains, causes convulsions and hallucinations

• dimorphic fungi
• opportunistic fungi