Dfendo

  1. Master gland
    pituitary
  2. Exocrine vs endocrine
    • x-ducts
    • pancreas is both- enz thru ducts, also secs ends

    • end
    • ductless, chem mess
    • closely w nervous syst
  3. Hormones: know
    works thru

    too much?
    too little?
    • chem messenger
    • neg feedback loop
    • -hi level, trigger to stop producing

    • further prod inhib
    • further prod increased
  4. Pituitary
    controls___
    monitors/works w/controlled by___

    Posterior?

    Anterior?
    • other endocrine glands
    • hypothalamus

    Oxytocin and ADH

    Posterior has everything else
  5. AnteriorPGland
    • Prolactin
    • Tropics: GH, ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone (adrenal cortex),
    • TSH (thyroid stim h),
    • (FSH, LH) Gonadotropic hormone - targets sex hormone
    • (MSH) Melanocyte stim hormone- targets skin
  6. PPGland
    • Oxytocin
    • ADH
  7. PosteriorPG
    Hormones produced in____
    Two hormones released
    hypothamlamus

    • oxytocin
    • ADH
  8. Thyroid gland is located__
    Lobes connected by___
    Secretes via____ hormones___ and ____
    ____ necc for form of hormones
    Regulates___and___, ___, ______
    Controlled by ___, released by____

    Also, ____ cells
    • each lobe on each side of trachea
    • isthmus
    • follicular cells
    • T4 (thyroxine), Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
    • Iodine
    • Growth and dev, metab, act of nerv syst
    • TSH, pituitary
  9. Calcium:
    ____ releases____, puts Ca into bones, out of Bstream
    ____ releases____, Pulls Ca from bones, int Bstream
    • Thyroid Calcitonin
    • Parathyroid releases parathormone, antagonist to Calcitonin
  10. HypoCa+
    HYperCa+
    sx
    nerves excited, tetany

    impaired <3 function
  11. Adrenal glands

    Outer/bigger section
    Inner section
    • Adrenal cortex
    • Adrenal medulla
  12. Adrenal glands/cortex release 3 steroids:
    • Mineral corticoids
    • -water, e balance, indirect BP control
    • -main one is Aldosterone, regulates salt, K+ levs
    • Glucocorticoids
    • -cortisol
    • -involved in glucose metab
    • -extra reserves in times of stress
    • -ANTI INFLAMM properties
    • Sex H
    • -Androgens +estrogens
  13. Adrenal Medulla
    2 hormones in times of stress
    • Epinephrine, norepinephrine
    • inc heart, BP, cause liver to rel glucose res. for F or F
  14. Pancreas is located___
    Exo and Endo tissue
    Islets of langerhans secrete 2 H
    • Insulin, the butler to the cells,
    • Beta cells secrete in response to inc glucose lev
    • just opens the doors, and

    • glucagon
    • Alpha cells secrete in response to dec glucose lev
  15. Pineal gland, located _____secretes____, prev child's _____, induces___, affects___, impacts___
    3rd ventricle, melatonin, sex maturation, sleep, mood, your period
  16. Thymus is in_____
    Produces hormone_____
    Active role in____ in ____ and ____
    Programs____
    • upper thorax
    • thymosin
    • immune system, first few months of life, in utero
    • T-lymphocytes
  17. Hemoglobin H1C
    • measure glucose over 3 month period, if over 6, not good control
    • lifespan of RBCs
    • says over 6% of hemoglobins that look funky, because glucose can destroy them
  18. Get Btests from handout review on own
  19. Urine test
    measures___of hormones sec, spec grav (____)
    • amount
    • 1.003-1.030
  20. Suppression test
    determines if neg FB mechs are intact, suppress thyroid, does TSH increase to compensate
  21. Stim test
    stim hormones administered, if endocrine responds to stim, disorder may be in the hypothal or pit

    If endocrine gland does not responsd, prob w spec endocrine gland

    You need a baseline first, give drug, monitor B lev in 30 min, 60 min, 90 min after you give
  22. Chvosteks's sx

    Trousseau's
    facial nerve is tapped at angle of the jaw of facial muscles on same side will contract


    protracted hand
  23. Where are glucocorticoids released from and when?
    From the adrenal cortex, when blood glucose decreases, corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus=>ACTH from anterior pituitary=>glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex.
  24. How do glucocorticoids increase blood glucose?What is the target?What if you have too much? What if too little?
    stimulating gluconeogenesis in liver, inhibiting glucose use by the cell, protein anaboliam, fatty acid mobilizationinhibit inflammatory responsecushing'sAddison's (chronic) renal crisis (acute)
  25. Too much ADH can cause
    SIADH
  26. Acromegaly
    overproduction of GH in adults
  27. Gigantism
    Overprod of GH in kids
  28. Diabetes insipidous
    not enough ADH,

    too much pee? DDVAP
  29. Too much ADH?
    • "SIADH"
    • Peeless
    • If you couldn't pee, you would "sigh" about it
  30. How does radioactive iodine work on Hyperth?
    Iodine gets sucked in, can destroy some overproductive parts
  31. Cancer of thyroid- common?
    What kind of nodule?
    Rare to see what SE?
    What kind is more common and prognonsis? What kind has poor prognosis?
    • no
    • small, fixed firm nodule
    • sx hyperthyroidism
    • well contained and differentiated, slow growing "Papillary carcinoma"- good prog
    • Follicular and anaplastic carc- poor prog
  32. Hyperparathyroidism s/sx

    dx procedures?
    • hypercalcemia, ca leaves bones to bstream
    • kidney stones, skeletal pain, on weight-bearing, patho fractures, fatigue, drowsiness, N, anorexia

    • X-ray shows decalcification
    • PTH increased
    • Ca increased, Ph decreased
    • MRI CT Ultrasound locate adenoma
  33. Hyperpara-
    Causes?
    Typical age?
    May result from
    • Hypertrophy of one or more para glands
    • 30-70

    Adenoma, renal failure, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis

    x, etiology get form slides
  34. Hyperparathyroidism
    Med mgmt
    Careful w falls why?
    Prognosis
    Parathyroid prog cancer?
    • Remove tumor, one or more glands, monitor elytes, strain uriine for stones, low Ca diet
    • bones
    • good
    • bad
  35. Hypoparathyroidism
    Decreased
    Increased
    Causes?
    Common?
    • Ca
    • phos
    • Inadvertant removal during thyroidectomy (think of the leg guy)
    • rare
  36. Hypoparathyroidism
    s/sx
    neuromuscular exct/muscle spasms, tetany, laryngeal spas (inflammation of voice box), stridor, cyanosis, parkinson-like syndrome
  37. Hypoparathyroidism
    Diag tests/labs
    What would you see in blood? Urine?
    what would you give
    • Dec serum Ca
    • Increased urinary Ca
    • Increased serum phos
    • Deceased urinary phos

    • Give Ca gluconate or ca cl IV
    • Extravasation may cause tissue nec
    • Too fast, cardiac arrest
  38. Adrenal Glands
    Stimulated by?
    Too much?
    Too little?
    • ACTH
    • Cushing's

    Addision's

    Pheochromocytoma
  39. Cushing's
    Causes?
    Why?
    • excess cortisol (cushing's cortex cortisol)
    • Plas level of adrenocortical hormones are inc

    • hyperplasia of adrenal tiss due to overstim by PGland
    • Tumor of adrenal cortex, ACTH secreting tumor outside of PGland, overuse of corticosteroid drugs
  40. Adrenal hyperfunctions (Cushings)
    Moonface, buffaolo hump, thin arms, legs,weight gain, hairy, voice deepening, ecchymoses and petechiae, think skin, hypokalemia, proteinuria, inc Ca excretion, immunocompromised, depression, loss of libido, abdominal enlargement, loss of libido
  41. Dx tests for Cushing's
    Plasma____?
    ACTH____?
    24 H urine____?
    glucose___?
    • clinical sx
    • Plasma cortisol inc
    • ACTH increased or decreased (depending on Tumor's location)
    • 24 H urine (inc lev of steroids)
    • hyperglucose (may need insulin coverage)
  42. Adrenal hyperfunction (Cushing's)
    Treatment?
    Drugs?
    Diet?
    • Treat causative factor
    • Adrenalectomy for adrenal tumor
    • radiation or surg rem of pituitary tumor
    • Mitotane (Lysodren)/cytotoxic agent
    • Diet
    • Low salt (to offset more water retention), High K, red cal and carbs
  43. What if Cushing's is from corticosteroids, do one or more of these:
    • gradually taper/discontinue corticosteroids
    • reduce dose
    • Convert to alt-day regimen
  44. Adrenal hypofunction (Addison's disease)
    What?
    Why?
    Adrenal glands don't secrete adequate amts of flucocort and mineralcort

    TB most common, Adrenalectomy, Pituitary hypofunction, long term steroid therapy, autoimmune response (against adrenal cortex), AIDS, metastatic cancer, fungal inf
  45. Addison's disease
    When do signs show up?
    What are they related to?
    What are they?
    • Not til 90% adrenal cortex destroyed
    • Imbal of hormones, ntr, elytes
    • N/V/D anorexia
    • Orthostatic
    • headache, disoriented, ab and lower back pain, anxiety
  46. Addison's disease
    clinical manifestations
    Dx test
    Dark pigmented skin, hypoglycemia, weight loss, anxiety, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, assess for adrenal crisis

    • ACTH stim test (baseline first) then give ACTH, see if serum corticoids increase. Take level 30, 60, sometimes 90 min, take levels
    • Normal- see peak and decline
    • If pituitary ok, low cortisol levels, if not okay, see inc
  47. Adrenal hypofunction
    • Restore fluid, elyte bal, replace hormones, high salt, low K diet
    • IV corticosteroids in sol of saline, glucose, severe adrenal crisis is life-threatening emergency (abnormal low or high temp, very low Na+, high K+)
  48. Cushing sx vs addison's
    cushing's- bad memory, conc, insom, irritatb, weakness, extremity wasting, back pain, rib pain, kyphosis, thin skin (dec collagen), red cheeks, acne, petechiae and ecchymosis, bad healing, tires easily, insom, malaise, depression, inc app, wt gain, dema, buffalo hump....

    • Addison's
    • Post hypotension, syncope, lethargy, headache, weakness, fatigue, muscle aches, wasting, hyperpigmentation, dec body hair, tires easily, susceptible to infections, weakness, lack of int in activities, N/V, fl and elyte def, hypoglycemia, need for inc salt and dec K+ intake
  49. Pheochromocytoma
    What?
    • Chromaffin cell tumor in medulla
    • Flood of epi and norepi
    • very rare
    • 20-60% malignant
    • 10% malignant

    massive HTN (300/175), stroke, kidney failure, damage, retinopathy, card dam-heart failure
  50. Pancreatitis
    Pacreas A&P- secretes what? From where?
    • Sphinctor of Oddi empties in to duodenum
    • Secretes digestive enzymes through duct
    • Also hormones (ductless) into bloodstream
    • Alpha cells glucagon
    • Beta cells insulin
  51. Pancreatitis
    What?
    Why?
    • inflammation can occlude ducts
    • pancreas is eating itself

    ETOH, trauma, infectious disease, drugs, exact cause unknown
  52. Pancreatitis
    Why NPO
    stimulates PT to secrete digestive enzymes
  53. Pancreatitis Patho
    • occlude pancreatic duct
    • edema, stones, scar tissue, enzymes build up and teh duct ruptures
    • releases digestivve enzymes
    • autodigestion-"eat" the pancreas
  54. Test: sphinctor of Oddi
    • Pancreas to duodenum
    • bile
    • occluded- pancreatitis
  55. Chronic pancreatitis
    does necrosis occur? What can develop? What disease can develop?
    • yes
    • abcess
    • diabetes (II)
  56. Pancreatitis
    manifestation

    What if abscess
    • Severe ab pain, radiates to back, inc
    • inc by eating and lying down
    • jaundice if bile duct obstructed
    • anorexia, N/V/ weight loss, malaise, restlessness

    fever
  57. Test:
    Serum pancreatic enzymes?
    Which more useful in diagnosing?
    Do they do urine test for these?
    • Amylase
    • leaks into lymph or peritoneum, gets absorbed into serum, cleared quickly by kidneys, may return to normal w/in 48h
    • Lipase
    • Same as amylase, but rise a little later -24 h after acute onset. Remain elevated for 5-7 days.
    • Lipase
    • Urine test- amylase (usually just do blood)
  58. ERCP
    endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

    Reliable?
    Also used to do what?
    NPO?
    How long procedure?
    • Fiberoptic duodenoscope inserted orophyarnyx using dye (allergies, creatnine to make sure kidneys okay- mucomyst? shellfish, iodine)
    • Reliable test.

    • Also used to eval obstructive, rem bile duct stones, place biliary, panc duct stents to bypass
    • NPO 8h
    • 1-2 h procedure
  59. Can there be acronyms on a consent?
    no
  60. Pancreatitis labs
    • Ca
    • Ph
    • leukocytosis
    • Hypoca
    • hypoalbuminia
    • hyperglycemia (may develop DM)
  61. Pancreatitis
    Med mgmt
    NPO w/___?
    Meds?
    TPN must be inserted where?
    Watch for destruction of what?
    • NGT to dec pancreatic stimulation
    • Merepridine (Demerol; never give morphine w/o an antispasmotic because it can cause spasms in sphincter of Oddi- excrutiating pain)
    • Propantheline (Pro-Banthine) decreases pancrease activity
    • to supplement NTR
    • Centrally
    • islets of Langerhans
  62. Pancreatitis
    Rest?
    Pain med admin?
    Diet?
    • Bedrest with BRP-decrease flow panc enz
    • PCA
    • Bland, lowfat, high protein diet
    • -No ETOH or GI stims (caffeine)
    • -watch for ETOH w/d
  63. Pancreatitis
    prognosis
    • abscess is a major complication
    • acute- 1 week hospitalization
    • mortality rates for acute necrotizing- 10-50%
  64. Pancreas/Cancer
    • 4th leading cause of cancer death USA, Canada
    • High death rate d/t late diagnosing
    • 65-80 peak occurrence
    • smokers
    • DM
    • Pancreatitis
    • High meat, fat, coffee consumption
    • 4-8 months post diagnosis
  65. Cancer/ Pancreas
    clinical mans
    • Vague sx
    • 85% have pain, epigastrium or referred to the back, worse at night, 50% have DM, fatigue, nausea, changes in stool, weight loss, pruritus and jaundice
  66. Cancer/pancreas
    • Nothing for early detection
    • circ carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor assoc antigen
    • CT, ERCP, Ultrasound

    Often inoperable
  67. Panc/
    what's whipple
    Resection of stomach, duodenum, panc. Anastomoses between stomach, common bile duct, panc and jejunum
  68. Cancer/ pancreas
    post op care

    Prog
    hemorrhage, resp complications, fl imbal, monitoring endocrine/exocrine functions of the pancreas

    • Poor
    • 5-12 months
    • 5 yr survival rate less than 10%
  69. Fever w Pancreatitis?
    low grade
  70. Why would you look at LFTs?
    Blood cultures?
    Why LR wide open?
    • Biliary tract disease and alcoholism assoc w/
    • Yes, because fever is happening- WBC --------------indicates infection, but not what is growing?
    • Signs and sx of dehydration
    • -------Open IV tubing, let it flow in. Caution-CHF, etc
  71. What drugs can trigger pancreatitis?
    ACE inhibitors, Furosemide, Tetracyclines
  72. If tolerated, nutrition in pancreatitis provided by JTube. Otherwise NPO
Author
Anonymous
ID
92405
Card Set
Dfendo
Description
Dfendo
Updated