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Releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides)
- Gland: hypothalamus
- Target: anterior pituitary
- Effect: modify activity
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Growth Hormone (GH) (peptide)
- Gland: Anterior pituitary
- Effect: inc bone/muscle growth; inc cell turnover rate
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Prolactin (peptide)
- Gland: anterior pituitary
- Target: mammary gland
- Effect: milk production
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) (tropic)
- Gland: Anterior pituitary
- Target: Thyroid
- Effect: Incr synthesis & release of TH
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Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (peptide)
- Gland: Anterior Pituitary
- Target:adrenal cortex
- Effect: incr growth & secretory activity of adrenal cortex
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH) (peptide) (gonadotropic)
- Gland: Anterior Pituitary
- Target: Ovary, Testes
- Effect: Ovulation, testosterone synthesis
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Gland: Anterior Pituitary
- Target: Ovary, Testes
- Effect: follicle development, spermatogenesis
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Antidieuretic Hormone (ADH, vasopressin) (peptide)
- Gland: Posterior Pituitary
- Target: Kidney
- Effect: water retention
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Oxytocin (peptide)
- Gland: Posterior Pituitary
- Target: breast, uterus
- Effect: milk letdown, contraction
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Thyroid Hormone (TH, thyroxine) (modified amino acid)
- Gland: Thyroid
- Effect: Child- necessary for physical & mental development
- Adult- incr metabolic rate & temp
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Calcitonin (peptide)
- Gland: Thyroid (Thyroid C cells)
- Target: bone, kidney
- Effect: lowers serum [Ca2+]
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (peptide)
- Gland: Parathyroids
- Target: bone, kidney, small intestine
- Effect: raises serum [Ca2+]
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Thymosin (children only) (peptide)
- Gland: Thymus
- Target: Thymus
- Effect: T cell development during childhood
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Epinephrine (modified amino acid)
- Gland: Adrenal medulla
- Effect: sympathetic stress response (rapid)
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Cortisol ("glucocorticoid") (steroid)
- Gland: Adrenal Cortex
- Effect: Longer-term stress response; incr blood [glucose]; incr protein catabolism; decr inflamation & immunity; many other
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aldosterone ("mineralocorticoid") (steroid)
- Gland: Adrenal cortex
- Target: kidney
- Effect: incr Na+ reabsorption to incr BP
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sex steroid
- Gland: Adrenal Cortex
- Effect: an adrenal tumor can overproduce these, causing masculinization or feminization
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Insulin (peptide)
- Gland: Endocrine pancreas (β cells in islets of Langerhans)
- Effect: decr blood [glucose]; incr glycogen & fat storage
- Absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus
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glucagon (peptide)
- Gland: Endocrine pancreas (α cells of islets of Langerhans
- Effect: incr blood [glucose], decr glycogen & fat storage
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Somatostatin (SS)
- Gland: Endocrine pancreas (δ cells of islets of Langerhans)
- Effect: inhibits many digestive processes
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Testosterone (steroid)
- Gland: testes
- Effect: male characteristics, spermatogenesis
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Estrogen (steroid)
- Gland: Ovaries/ placenta
- Effect: female characteristics, endometrial growth
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Progesterone (steroid)
- Gland: ovaries/ placenta
- Effect: endometrial secretion, pregnancy
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Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) (peptide)
- Gland: Heart
- Target: kidney
- Effect: incr urination to decr blood pressure
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Erythropoietin (peptide)
- Gland: Kidney
- Target: bone marrow
- Effect: incr RBC synthesis
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