chpt 7

a subdivision of declarative memory that stores memory for personal events, or "episodes"

involved in encoding sensory memory into STM

a clear & vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful & emotional event

• form of interference related to the sequence in which info is presented
• middle items are less remembered than first or last

a retrieval method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented

• a working-memory process in which info is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory
• involves no active elaboration

• third of three memory stages with the largest capacity & longest duration
• stored material organized according to meaning

the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are

one of the three basic tasks of memory, involving the retention of encoded material over time

a retrieval method in which one must produce previously presented info

• the physical changes in the brain associated with a memory
• "memory trace"

• the inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in memory
• "on the tip of their tounge"

• an especially clear & persistent form of memory that is quite rare
• "photographic memory"

a division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done

uses association of terms to be remembered with a memorized scheme

retrieval that can be distorted by adding, dropping, or changing details to complete a pic from incomplete stored info

processes implicit memories & seems to store procedural memory & classically conditioned memories

involved in putting info from STM to LTM

• one of the three basic tasks of memory
• involving the modification of information to fit the preferred format for the memory system

• a subdivision of declarative memory that stores general knowledge
• meaning of words & concepts

the explanation for the fact that infor that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory (more "deeply" processed) will be remembered better

a memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match (congruent with) one's mood

inability to remember info previously stored in memory

a cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, & retrieved

a cause of forgetting when newly learned info stops retrieval of previously stored material

a technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cue & retrieved memory

• second of three memory stages and most limited in capacity
• preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal

the inability to form memories & new info

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

a natural mode of info processing that involves several info streams simultaneously

any system- human, animal, or machine- that encodes, stores, & retrievs info

tendency to recall info better when in the same internal state as when the info was encoded

in memory- a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations

• the third basic task of memory
• involving the location and recovery of information from memory

• the concersion of info to sound patterns in working memory
• especially semantic info

memory that has been processed with attention & can be consciously recalled

• a graph plotting the amount of retention & forgetting over time for a certain batch of material
• steep at first, flatter as time goes on

• organizing pieces of info into a smaller number of meaningful units (chunks)
• a process that frees up space in working memory

• physical setting in which a person learns info is encoded along with the info it becomes
• art of memory trace

a momentary sensory memory of visual sound

the distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation

involved in the storage of emotion memory

• first of three memory stages
• preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli

a working memory process in which info is actively reviewed & related to info already in LTM

a memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness

process of combining & substitution memories from events other than the one you're to remember

• a division of LTM that stores emplicit infor, fact memory
• two subdivisions: episodic memory & semantic memory

unconscious encoding of info about space, time, & frequency that occurs without interferring with out thinking about other things

mental representations of catagories of items or ideas, based on experience

an ideal or most representative example of conceptual catagory

applying a grammatical rule too widely & thereby creating incorrect forms

the meaningful units of language that make up words

• the rules of a language
• how to use words, morphemes, & syntax to produce understandable sentences

a biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammer

a mneumonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequnce os familiar physical locations

• techniques for improving memory
• making connections between new material & info already in long-tem memory

our language guides & determines our thinking

idea that the human brain has an innate capacity for acquiring language (language acquisition device) possibly during a critical period of time after birth & that children are born with a universal sense of grammar

language is developed by imitating sounds we hear to create words

• meaningful two word sentences, usually a noun & verb
• usually in the correct oder uttered by 2-yr olds

• one word utterances that convey meaning
• characteristic of 1 year old

• an infant's spontaneous production of speech sounds
• begins about 4 months old

a set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes, words, or sentences

rules that are used to order words into gramatically sensible sentences

smallest unit of language that has meaning

smallest units of sound in spoken language

conventional thinking directed toward a single correct solution

thinking that produces many alternatives or ideas

• the tendency for our preexsisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
• making illogical conclusions seem valid or logical conclusions seem invalid

the tendency to hold onto a belief after the basis for the belief is discredited

• the way an issue is stated
• how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions & judgements

reasoning from the specific to the general

reasoning from general to specific

thinking about how you think

a faulty heuristic strategu that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled (made available) from personal experience

a faulty heuristic strategy based on the preusmption that once people or events are catagorized they share all the features of other members in that catagory

a faulty heuristic cause by basing (anchoring) an estimate on a completely unrelated quantity

the tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance

• the inability to percieve a new use for an object associated with a different purpose
• form of mental set

the tendency to respons to a new problem in a manner used for a previous problem

• cognitive strategies or rules of thumb
• used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks
• do not guarantee correct solution

problem solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome if correctly applies

a cluster of knowledge about sequences of events & actions expected to occur in particular settings

a knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, & situations in one's life

• levels of concept
• most general to most specific
• more general level=more specific concepts