Chapt 5

• an induced state of awareness
• usually characterized by heightened suggestibility, deel relaxation, & highly focused attention

• a state of consciousness often induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming body positions, & minimizing external stimulation
• intended to enhance self-knowledge, well-being, & spirituality

chemicals that affect mental processes & behavior by their effects on the brain

drugs that create hallucinations or alter perceptions of the external environment & inner awareness

• highly addictive drugs
• derived from opium
• can produce a profound sense of well-being & have strong pain-relieving properties

drugs that slow down mental & physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system

drugs that arouse the central nervous system, speeding up mental & physical responses

the reduced effectiveness a drug has after repeated use

• a process by which the body adjusts to and comes to need
• a drug for its everyday functioning

• a condition in which a person continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects
• often despite repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug
• may be based on physical or psychological dependence

a pettern of uncomfortable or painful physical symptoms & cravings experienced by the user when the level of the drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated

a desire to obtain or use a drug even though there is no physical dependence

• controls your biological clock
• regulatin changes in blood pressure, body temp, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity levels, sleep & wakefulness over 24 hours in a normal environment

neural network in brainstem essential to the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, arousal, & attention

sleepwalking

• the process by which the brain creates a model of internal & external experience
• currently aware of, one stream, keeps from being overwhelmed

• any brain process that does not involve conscious processing
• including both preconscious memories & unconscious processes
• many streams

information that is not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to them

• freudian theory: part of mind that houses memories, desires, & feelings that would be threatening if brought to consciousness
• cognitive: collection of mental processes that operate outside of awareness- not typically suppressing information or working at odds with consciousness

a common (& quite normal) variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies & away from the immediate situation

physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours, such as the sleep-wakefulness cycle

• a stage of sleep that occurs approximately every 90 minutes, marked by bursts of rapid eye movements occuring under closed eyelids
• associated with daydreaming

• the recurring periods mainly associated with the deeper stages of sleep
• when a sleeper is not showing rapid eye movements

• a condition in which a sleeper is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those controlling the eyes
• normally occurs during REM sleep

a condition of increased REM sleep caused by REM-sleep deprivation

a sleep deficiency caused by not getting the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning

• the story line of a dream
• taken at face value without interpretation

• the symbolic meaning of objects & events in a dream
• interpretation based on Freud's psychoanalytic theory or one of its varients

• the theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming from the brain stem
• dreams are the brain's attempts to make sense of-to synthesize-this random activity

• the most common of sleep disorders
• involving insufficient sleep, the inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, early awakenings

a respiratory disorder in which the person intermittently stops breathing many items while asleep

• deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror, although any terrifying mental experience (dream) usually forgotten upon awakening
• occurs mainly in children

• a disorder of REM sleep
• involving sleep-onset REM periods & sudden daytime REM sleep attacks usually accompanied by cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle control

• to Freudian psychoanalysts
• dreams are a safety valve for unconscious desires

• quick sleep stage with gradual loss of responsiveness to the outside
• brain waves beta & theta

• about 50% of sleep time
• EEG's show high frequency sleep spindles & K complexes

• deep sleep stage
• EEG's show some high amplitude, low-frequency delta waves

• deepest sleep stage
• EEG's show mostly delta waves, slowed heart rate & respiration, lowered temperature & blood flow to the brain, growth hormone secreted