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List the 4 macromolecules
- 1. Carbohydrates
- 2. Proteins
- 3. Lipids
- 4. Nucleic Acids
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What is a monomer?
- Small, repeating identical units.
- (Building blocks)
- Used to make polymers.
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What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of monomers.
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Which macromolecules are polymers?
- Proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
- (Lipids are not)
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What two functional groups combine to form an amino acid?
Amino Group and Carboxyl Group
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What are the purpose of peptide bonds? How do they form?
- Amino group of one amino acid unites with carboxyl group of next amino acid.
- Form proteins.
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What can cause a protein to denature? What are the effects?
Usually due to a change in the proteins enviornment. For example, change in pH or an increase in temperature.
Protein structure is destroyed.
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What are the four layers of protein structure?
- 1. Primary
- 2. Secondary
- 3. Tertiary
- 4. Quaternary
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Describe the primary layer of protein structure.
- Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence.
- Simplest structure.
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Describe the secondary layer of protein structure.
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
Coil or fold the amino acids.
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Describe the tertiary layer of protein structure.
Alpha and beta superimposed on each other within same structure.
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Describe the quaternary layer of protein structure.
Combination of 2+ polypeptides.
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Classes of proteins.
Define enzymes.
- Speeds up reactions
- Also causes reactions to require less energy.
Ex. sucrase, lactase, acetylcholinesterase
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Classes of proteins.
Define contractile proteins.
- Allow for movement.
- Contract to move body/organisms.
ex. actin, myosin, cilia, flagella
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Classes of proteins.
Define hormones.
- Control or regulate body systems.
- Slow, long-term control.
ex. insulin, testosterone
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Classes of proteins.
Define transport proteins.
Allow you to transport "stuff".
ex. hemoglobin (transports oxygen)
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Classes of proteins.
Define structural proteins.
Provide structure or support to an organism.
ex. Keratin
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Classes of proteins.
Define storage proteins.
Stores proteins/amino acids.
ex. albumins (egg whites)
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Classes of proteins.
Define receptors.
- Binding site.
- Hormone or enzyme binds to receptor.
Receptors are specific.
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