-
What are the 3 cerebral arteries?
- 1. Anterior Cerebral Artery ACA
- 2. Middle Cerebral Artery MCA
- 3. Posterior Cerebral Artery PCA
-
The ACA branches off the?
Anterior communicating artery
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The ACA supples blood to where?
1.
2.
3.
- 1. medial frontal lobe surfaces
- 2. limbic lobe
- 3. medial surface motor cortex
-
What is the overlap of distal/smallest capillaries from cerebral arteries?
Watershed area
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The MCA is a direct extension of?
The Internal Carotid Artery
-
Which artery is the largest of the cerebral arteries?
MCA-Middle Cerebral Artery
-
The Middle Cerebral Artery supples blood to where?
1.
2.
- 1.Critical areas for speech and language in the frontal lobe
- 2. Temporal Lobe
-
The Posterior Cerebral Artery is the result of a bifurcation of what?
The Basilar artery
-
The Posterior Cerebral Artery supplies where?
1.
2.
- 1.Inferior surface of the Temporal love
- 2.Occipital Lobe
- (loss of vision if there is an occulsion)
-
What are numerous smaller arteries that arise from the circle of Willis and the three major cerbral branches that penetrate deeper into interior regions of the brain?
Central Penetrating Arteries
-
Circle of Willis is comprised of what two paired arteries?
- Posterior Communicating Arteries
- Anterior Communicating arteries
-
What three arteries join together to form the circle of Willis?
- Subclavian Artery
- Vertebral Artery
- Basilar Artery
-
The subclavian artery gives rise to?
- Common Carotids which includes the
- External Carotids
- Internal Carotids
-
The External Carotids supply blood to where?
facial muscles, forehead, and oral, nasal, orbital cavities
-
The Internal Carotid supplies blood to where?
The cranium (brain)
-
Which artery courses along the ventral lateral surfaces of the medulla?
Vertebral Artery
-
Which Artery ascends along the midline on the ventral surface of the pons?
Basilar Artery
-
Which structure connects internal carotid and vertebral/basilar blood supply to the cerebral arteries?
Circle of Willis
-
What structure acts as a "safety valve" for many arteries?
Circle of Willis
-
If there is an occlusion below the circle of Willis will or will not cause damage to the brain?
Will Not
-
An occulcusion above the Circle of Willis will or will not cause damage to the brain?
WILL
-
Conception through Week 8?
Embryonic Period
-
Week 9 through Week 36?
Fetal Period
-
-
16 cells (4 days post conception)?
Morula
-
Fluid filled sphere (4-5 days post conception)?
Blastocyst
-
A blastocyst is composed of?
1.
2.
- 1. Trophoblast
- 2. Inner Cell Mass
-
Outer layer of cuboidal cells (placenta)?
Trophoblast
-
Embryo (Embryoblast) is called?
Inner Cell Mass
-
The primitive streak does what?
Forms and generates mesoderm
-
There are three Germ Layers present on the Primitive streak. What are they?
1.
2.
3.
- 1. Ectoderm (outer)
- 2. Mesoderm (middle)
- 3. Endoderm (inner)
-
What is the ectoderm?
Outer layer that makes up crain, nerves, and skin
-
What is the mesoderm?
middle layer that makes upp muscles, bones, tendons, circulatory system
-
What is the Endoderm?
Inner layer that makes up the epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory systems
-
What is the strip of mesodermal cells on the midline axis?
Notochord
-
What is the primitive axial skeleton of the embryo?
Notochord
-
What underlies the Neural Place (Shield)?
Notochord
-
Notochord
- 1. strip of mesodermal cells on the midline axis
- 2. the primitive axial skeleton of the embryo
- 3. underlies the Neural Plate (Sheild)
-
What is the thickening of the ectoderm where the center deepens and edges raise?
The Neural Plates (Sheild)
-
When the ridges of ectoderm overlying the notochord thicken and develop this is called?
Neural Folds
-
______ is the depression between the neural folds?
Neural Groove
-
The ___ ___ forms when the neural folds approximate and fuse at the midline?
Neural Tube
-
The Neural Tube becomes:
1.
2.
3.
- 1. The brain
- 2. The ventricles
- 3. The cancl of the spinal cord
-
The ___ ___ are ectodermal cells on either side of the neural folds that contribute to the spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system.
Neural Crest
-
____ _____ divide and subdivide into smaller arteries.
Larger arteries
-
___ ___ separate into arterioles.
Smaller arteries
-
Smaller arteries separate into___?
Arterioles
-
Arterioles deliver blood to the ___?
Capillaries
-
____ only permit slower flow of blood to allow eschange of nutrients and waste products.
Capillaries
-
___ receive used blood from the capillaries.
Venules
-
Venules become larger ___ that deliver blood to the ___ ____.
-
____ ____ collect blood and return it to the Jugular vein
Venous sinuses
-
Venous sinuses collect blood and return it to the?
Jugular vein
-
What artieries supply deep brain structures such as the thalamus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, and internal capsule with blood?
Central Penetrating Arteries
-
What is the sequence of conception?
1.
2.
3.
4.
- 1. Zygote
- 2. Morula
- 3. Blastocyst
- 4. Primitive Streak
-
When the neural tube froms it becomes what?
The predicessor of Central Nervous System
-
The neural crest becomes what?
The peripheral nervous system
-
The first 20 weeks the brain is?
Smooth
-
Beyond 20 weeks the brain?
Developes sulci and gyri
-
At the end of the 3rd trimester?
All adult surface features are present
-
At birth, the brain weighs __% of the eventual adult brain?
25%
-
Brain weight increase ___% in the first two years.
350%
-
The larges increase in brain weight takes place in the first ___ years of life where the brain quadruples in weight.
2 to 3 years
-
Brain weight starts to decline at age ___, at about __% per decade.
- at age 30 and about 2 %
- Resulting in a 10% decrease by 90
-
Surface of the brain occurs with age and changes are seen most in what area?
Forebrain (frontal lobe area)
-
What is the process by which neurons are created and that are the most acitve during prenatal development?
Neurogensis
-
The process of programmed cell death that occurs naturally is called?
Apoptosis
-
What are the changes in grey matter verses white matter due to aging?
The higher ratio of white matter is reduced severely with age.
-
What is fluid intelligence?
Our ability to think and reason, our ongoing thought processes and monitoring of performance.
-
What kind of intelligence deals with "Information Processing"or also known as "Executive Function"?
Fluid Intelligence
-
What is crystallized intelligence?
Our accumulated store of information and vocabulary from our education and life experiences.
-
In what type of situations do we use crystallized intelligence?
Problem solving
-
What type of intelligence is more affected with aging?
Fluid Intelligence
-
What is the retention of inforamtion that must be manipulated to perform a mental task?
Working Memory
-
What type of memory is used with memories based on events and exeriences?
Episodic Memory
-
What type of memory is used when memories are based on facts, concepts, word associations, etc?
Semantic Memory
-
What type of memory is used with memories of physical skills such as swimming, bike riding, playing tennis, etc?
Procedural Memory
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