Anatomy Lab

The standard position of the human body is the __________

Axial relating to:

Appendicular relating to:

Abdominal pertaining to:

Acromial pertaining to:

antebrachial pertaining to:

Antecubital pertaining to:

Axillary pertaining to:

Brachial pertaining to:

Buccal

carpal

cervical

coxal

crural

digital

femoral

fibular

Frontal

Hallux

Inguinal

mammary

mental

nasal

oral

orbital

palmar

patellar

Pedal

pollex

pubic

Sternal

Tarsal

thoracic

umbilical

olecranal

otic

perineal

plantar

scapular

sural

vertebral

cephalic

dorsum

gluteal

lumbar

manus

Superior

Inferior

Anterior

Posterior

Medial

Lateral

Cephalad (cranial)

Caudal

Dorsal

Ventral

Proximall

Distal

Superficial (external)

Deep (internal)

When a section is made through a body wall or through an organ, it is made along an imaginary surface or line called a _____

______ plane runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts

If the sagittal plane divides the body into equal parts, right down the median plane, it is called a ______, or ______ plane

All other sagittal planes are referred to as ______ planes

______ plane sometimes called a coronal plane

The _____ plane divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts

A ______ plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

When organs are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are commonly called ______ sections

The dorsal body cavity can be subdivided into the ____ cavity, in which the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull, and the _____ (spinal) cavity, within which the delicate spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column

The superior _____ cavity is separted from the rest of the vental cavity by the dome shaped diaphragm

The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is often referred to as the ______ cavity

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin, double layered membrane called ______ or _____ membrane

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is referred to as the _____ serosa, and it is continous with a similar membrane, the ______ serosa, covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity

The serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the _____, enclosing the lungs is the _____, and that around the heart is the ______

The abdominal surface is divided into four quadrants:

Umbilical region:

epigastric region:

Hypogastric (pubic) region:

Iliac (inguinal) region:

hypochondriac regions:

oral cavity:

nasal cavity:

orbital cavity:

Skeletal system:

The ______ microscope is a precision instrument and should always be handled with care

Base:

Substage light or mirror:

Stage:

Condensor:

Iris diaphragm lever:

Coarse adjustment knob:

Fine adjustment knob:

Head or body tube:

Arm:

Nosepiece:

Objective lense:

Resolution:

All cells have three major regions or parts that can readily be identified with a light microscope:

When the cell is not dividing, the genetic material is loosely dispersed throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called _____

When the cell is in the process of dividing to form daughter cells, the chromatin coils and condenses, forming dense, darkly staining rodlike bodies called ______

The nucleus also contains one or more small round bodies, called ______, composed primarily of proteins and ribonucleic acid

The nucleus is bound by a double layered porous membrane, the _______

The nuclear envelope is similar in composition to other cellular memranes, but it is distinguished by its large ______

In _______ transport the cell must provide energy to power the transport process

In some cells the membrane is thrown into minute fingerlike projections or folds called _______

Suspended in the cytosol, the fluid filled cytoplasmic material, are many small structures called _______

Ribosomes:

Endoplasmic reticulum:

Rough ER:

Golgi apparatus:

lysosomes:

Peroxisomes:

Mitochondria:

Centrioles:

Cytoskeletal elements ramify throughout the cytoplasm, forming an internal scaffolding called the _______ that supports and moves substances within the cell

The ______ are slender tubules formed of proteins called tubulins, which the ability to aggregate and then disaggergate spontaneously

_______ filaments are stable proteinaceous cytoskeletal elements that act as internal guy wires to resist mechanical (pulling) forces acting on the cells

_____ filaments, ribbon or cordlike elements, are formed of contractile proteins, primarily actin

_____ phase is the period of a cells life when it is carrying out its normal metabolic activities and growing

______ phase is the second phase of mitosis. the chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell, with their centromeres precisely aligned at the extract center of the spindle

______ phase the third phase, begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split, and each chromatid now becomes a chromosome in its own right

_____ phases begins as soon as chromsomal movement stops

In ____ processes, concentration or pressure differences drive the movement

In _____ processes, the cell provides energy to power the transport process

Concentration gradient:

_____ is the movement of the molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration

The diffusion of solutes through a differentially permeable membrane is called _______

The diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane is called ______

_____ diffusion a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules

A solution surrounding a cell is _______

A solution surrounding a cell is ______ if it contains fewer nonpenetration solute particles than the interior of the cell

Large particles and molecules are transported across the membrane by ______ transport

Movement may be into the cell _______ or out of the cell ______

In ______, also called fluid phase endocytosis, the cell membrane sinks beneath the material to form a small vesicle, which then pinches off into the cell interior

In _______ (cell eating), parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm expand and flow around a relatively large or solid material

____ study of tissues

A thin extracellular membrane underlying epithelial tissue is called the _______

_____ epithelia, consisting of one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane

____ epithelia, consisting of two or more layers of cells

Squamous:

Cuboidal:

Columnar:

_______ epithelium is actually a simple columnar epithelium

_____ epithelium is a rather peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched

______ glands lose their surface connection (duct) as they develop. Thus they are ductless glands

_____ glands retain their ducts, and their secretions empty through these ducts to an epithelial surface

Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important. Secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Located in the kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels

Secretion and absorption. Located in the kidney tubules

Absorption & secretion of musuc. located in the digestive tract, gallbladder, and uterus

Secretion, particularly of mucus & propulsion of mucus by ciliary action. Located in the trachea and upper respiatory tract

Protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. located in the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine. Located in the ureters, bladder, and part of the urethra

______ connective tissue is a soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs

_____ tissue provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored food

Dense connective tissue:

Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Located in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleenand

Provides structural strength. Located in the dermis of the skin and joints

Supports and resists compressive stress. Forms cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Supports the external ear

Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Located in the intervertebral discs, and discs of knee joint

Supports and protects. Located in the bones

Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. Contained within blood vessels

The ____ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses, to all part of the body

Voluntary movement. Attached to bones or occasionally to skin

Found only in the heart

found mainly in the walls of hollow organs

single row of cells immediately adjacent to the dermis. Its cells are constantly undergoing mitotic cell division to produce millions of new cells daily

A stratum consisting of several cell layers immediately superficial to the basal layer

A thin layer named for the abundant granules its cells contain

A very thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries. not present in regions of thin skin

outermost epidermis layer consists of some 20 to 30 cell layers, and accounts for the bulk of the epidermal thickness

The superficial dermal region composed of areolar connective tissue

The deepest skin layer. Composed of dense irregular connective tissue and contains many arteries and veins, sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors

the visible attached portion of the nail:

the portion of the nail that grows out away from the body

the part that is embedded in the skin and adheres to an epithelial nail bed

skin folds that overlap the borders of the nail

the thick proximal nail fold commonly called the cuticle

the thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing germinal cells responsible for nail growth

The portion of the hair enclossed within the follicle is called the _____

Portion projecting from the scalp surface is called the _____

The hair ______ is a collection of well nourished germinal epithelial cells at the basal end of the follicle

Deep into the dermis is the _____

Small bands of smooth muscle cells connect each hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis

____ is the product of sebaceous glands

These glands are distributed all over the body. Produce clear perspiration consisting primarily of water, salts, and urea

found predominantly in the axillary and genital areas, these glands secrete a milky protein and fat rich substances

Long bones:

Short bones:

this bone looks smooth and homogeneous

This bone is composed of small trabeculae of bone and lots of open space

Synarthroses:

amphiarthroses:

diarthroses:

In _____ the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers

______ in which a tooth is secured in a bony socket by the periodontal ligament

In __________ the articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue.

______ the bony portions are united by hyaline cartilage

_______ growing together

________ joints are those in which the articulating bone ends are separted by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

________ a movement, generally in the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance between two bones

A movement that increases the angle of a joint and the distance between two bones or parts of the body

Movemet of a limb away from the midline plane of the body, generally on the frontal plane, or the fanning movement of fingers and toes when they are spread apart

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement

A combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly oberved in ball and socket joints like the shoulder

Movement of the palm of the hand from an anterior or upward facing position to a posterior or downward facing position

Movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position

A movement that results in the medial turning of the sole of the foot

A movement that results in the lateral turning of the sole of the foot

A movement of the ankle joint in a dorsal direction

A movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward