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In primitive societies, treatments for mental illness focused on removing what?
Evil Spirits
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What societal changes in the late 1400s resulted in torture of mentally ill persons and their being burned at the stake?
Witch Hunting
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Who was responsible in the 1800s for raising millions of dollars to construct more than 30 mental hospitals?
Dorthea Dix
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Which of the following congressional acts in 1937 funded the construction of psychiatric units in the United States?
Hill-Burton Act
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During which war did the federal government request a plan from the Beers� Committee for Mental Hygiene for screening and treating mentally ill soldiers?
WWI
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Imipramine, introduced in the 1950s I considered to be what type o medication?
Antidepressant
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In 1975, Congress passed mental health amendments for funding of what type of facilities?
Community Centers
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The intention of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act f 1987 was what?
Decrease placement of the mentally ill in long-term care facilities
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In the 1950s, treatment for the mentally ill confined to a psychiatric ward may have included what?
Electroconvulsive therapy
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Mental health care in the US is based on what system?
Private insurance model
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A client who is threatening to commit suicide should receive mental health care in which setting?
Inpatient mental health unit
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The community support systems model views a client in what ways?
Holistically
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A mental health nurse in a case management role likely would include what interventions?
Crisis intervention
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Which client is at higher risk for developing mental health problems?
HIV-positive client
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Which medical problem is expected to increase dramatically over the next 15 years?
Dementia
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A mentally ill client who uses mind-altering chemicals is at higher risk of becoming addicted to what drugs?
Heroin
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The core of a multidisciplinary mental health care team includes who?
Social worker
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As a result of several military conflicts, veterans are presenting to mental health providers with what common problem?
Stress-related disorder
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The most important factor in mental health treatment is what?
Client-provider relationship
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What conviction is intellectually accepted as true whether or not it is based in fact?
Belief
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Values in childhood are influenced most by who?
Family
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A client with terminal cancer refuses further chemotherapy. This is an example of what?
Autonomy
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In the hospital cafeteria, a nurse begins to talk to a friend about the medical condition of a difficult client and calls the client by name. This is a breach of which ethical principle?
Confidentiality
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Involuntary psychiatric commitment may occur in which situation?
A client is a danger to others
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The involuntary psychiatric commitment process begins with what action?
Filing of a formal petition
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A nurse mistakenly gives a client a wrong medication, which results in the client�s death. This is what type of health care crime?
Homicide
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A mentally ill client who has been involuntarily hospitalized in an inpatient psychiatric unit finds a back stairwell and leaves the unit and hospital without the knowledge of the staff. What is this an example of?
Elopement
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A diploma-prepared nurse in an outpatient clinic writes a prescription for an antidepressant medication without physician authorization. The nurse�s action represents an area of what?
Liability
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A defined, organized, and practiced system of worship is which o the following?
Religion
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A mentally ill client believes that disease is caused by disharmony with the supernatural. This belief is associated with which cultural group?
Navajo
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What term is used to define a person who fled his or her home country because of war or persecution to seek safety elsewhere?
Refugee
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Refugees have a higher incidence of what?
Depression
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Which cultural group feels that good health is a gift from God and that illness is considered God�s punishment
Hispanic
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Which practice of medicine is based on scientific treatment methods and tends to disregard that which cannot be explained by research?
Western Medicine
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The Amish strive to maintain the customs and traditions of previous generations. This is an example of which area of cultural assessment?
Time
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Sickle cell anemia commonly is found in which group of people?
African Americans
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A nurse reports that all mentally ill persons were abused as children. This is an example of what?
Stereotyping
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What is mental health?
The ability to cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of living in an acceptable way
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What three factors influence mental health?
Inherited characteristics, childhood nurturing, & life circumstances
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What is metal illness?
A disturbance in one�s ability to cope effectively
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What behaviors determines that an individual is mentally ill?
Those that interfere with daily activities, impair judgment, or alter reality
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Who wrote the first psychiatric text written in the us?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
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What did Dr. Rush advocate?
Clean conditions & kindess
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Who was responsible for liberating pts from their chains?
Philipe Pinel
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What did Philipe Pinel advocate?
Acceptance of the mentally ill as human beings in need of medical assistance, nursing care, and social services
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Who wrote the book that began the Committee for Mental Hygiene?
Clifford Beers
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What did Freud believe?
That forces both within and outside the personality were responsible for mental illness
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Who was the first person to succeed in explaining human behavior in psychological terms?
Freud
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What was the function of the Committee for Mental Hygiene?
To remove the stigma attached to mental illness; also developed plan to screen and treat mentally ill soldiers
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What was the function of insulin therapy?
To induce comas in people with schizophrenia
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Why was electroconvulsive therapy used?
To help improve severe depression
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What is a lobotomy?
A surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus
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What was the function of the Mental Health Systems Act?
Clients� rights and established priorities for research & training
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Who cared for the sick during the dark ages?
Priests
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Why were monks forbidden to practice medicine?
It was considered too disruptive to their way of life
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How did church doctrine perceive mental illness in the dark ages?
It was the result of some external force
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What type of insurance models is used in the US?
The private insurance model
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What determines if a pt is admitted for inpatient psychiatric care?
Severity of illness, level of dysfunction, suitability of setting, level of pt cooperation, pts ability to pay
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When does discharge from an inpatient facility occur?
When behavior has been improved and treatment goals have been met
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Who is responsible for controlling behavior for the outpatient?
The patient
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What is recidivism?
A relapse of a symptom, disease, or behavior
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What was the function of the National Alliance for Mental Illness?
1st comprehensive survey & grading of state adult mental health centers
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Which legislative act called for a neighborhood based mental health care delivery system?
Community Mental Health Care Centers Act of 1963
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How should mentally ill people be treated?
In the least restrictive manner
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What type of setting offers a protected supervised environment?
Residential programs (group homes)
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What type of setting provides care and treatment for pt who are too ill to be independent?
Day treatment center
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What disorders have emerged as major challenges to treatment?
Schizophrenia & depression
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What was the function of the Health Care Financing Administration?
Developed method where health care providers are paid at predetermined rates
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Under the Health Care Financing Administration, what happens if a pt is not discharged in the allotted time?
Funding is stopped & the facility or the pt become responsible for payment
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What changes influence society?
Lifestyles, work patterns, family structures and health
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How is homelessness defined?
The lack of a regular & adequate nighttime dwelling
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What factors contribute to homelessness?
Lack of housing, public assistance requirements, movement of mentally ill into communities that lack support
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What type of transmission is it to be copying by an example?
Modeling
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What type of transmission of value sets standards for right and wrong where choice is not allowed?
Moralizing
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What type of transmission of value allows one to be free to explore and learn from their experiences?
Laissez-faire
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What mode of transmission rewards valued behaviors and punishes undesirable acts?
Reward/punishment
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What mode of transmission offers a balance of freedom & restriction?
Responsible choice
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How does values clarification help care providers?
By helping them become aware of how their own values affect interactions with clients
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What three steps are involved in values clarification?
Choosing, prizing, & acting
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What is a parity law?
A law that requires insurance co to include coverage for mental illness that is equal to coverage for physical illness
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In what two ways do people with mental illness los their rights?
They are unable to recognize & exercise their rights; mental health can impose limits to clients rights
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What two purposes do ethical codes serve?
Acts as guidelines for standards of practice; let public know what behaviors can be expected from health care providers
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What is autonomy?
The right of people to make personal choices
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What is beneficence?
Actions that promote client health
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What is nonmaleficence?
DO NO HARM
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What is the nurses code of ethics?
Nurses and �.people, practice, profession, co-workers
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What is a nurse practice act?
The legal framework for practice in that state
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What is a policy?
A statement that defines a course of action
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What is a voluntary admission?
When the pt originates the request for mental health
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When can a voluntarily admitted client discharge themselves?
At any time
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Who may commit an individual?
Physicians, police, representative of county administrator
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When can a pt be involuntarily committed?
Only if the person is dangerous to self or others or cannot function in a reasonable manner
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What are the most common crimes in a health care setting?
Homicide, theft, controlled substance abuse
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What is the difference between homicide & murder
Homicide is killing; murder is killing with intent
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What is written defamation?
Libel
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What is verbal defamation?
Slander
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What is assault?
An action that threatens a pt
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What is battery?
Touching without the client�s permission
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When does an invasion of privacy occur?
When a client�s space, body or belongings are violated
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What is the main responsibility of mental health care providers?
To help clients cope with their problems
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What is informed consent?
Agreement between client and caregiver that documents knowledge of & agreement to treatment
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Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent?
The physician
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Mental Health clients are presumed competent and able to consent to treatment.
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Where can a cultures belief systems be found?
In political, social, & religious practices
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What is the �norm� for a culture?
The rules for behavior
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What is disease?
Physical dysfunction
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What is illness?
Social, emotional & intellectual dysfunctions
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What is a naturalistic illness?
Illness caused by impersonal factors without regard for the individual
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What is a personalistic illness?
Aggression or punishment directed toward a specific person
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How do cultures classify their members?
By gender & age
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What is cultural competence?
The process of continually learning about the culture with which we work & developing cross-cultural therapeutic health care skills
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What is transcultural nursing?
The use of culturally sensitive therapeutic interventions
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What are cultural assessments?
Tools that allow us to learn how clients perceive & cope within their world
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What is communication?
Voice, gesture, touch
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What doe environmental control focus on?
The individual�s ability to perceive & control the environment
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What four distances are considered space comfort areas?
Public, social, personal, & intimate
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What type of medications are metabolized differently from culture to culture?
Psyhotropic
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