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How do fungi reproduce?
asexually by forming spores
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T/F Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and nucleus
True
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Are most fungi multicellular or unicellular?
Multicellular without specialization. Some are unicellular.
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Are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Heterotrophic
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What does heterotrophic mean?
They absorb food
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What are two ways fungi are heterotrophic?
- sabrobes-use dead organisms for food
- parasites-use living organisms for food
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Why were fungi at one time classified as plants?
Because they have cell walls
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What kind of digestion do fungi use?
External digestion
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What is external digestion?
fungi shoots the enzymes into food and absorbs the food after it is digested
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What is in the cell walls of fungi?
chiten
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What is chiten?
A nitrogenous carbohydrate
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How do fungi store their food?
glycogen (animal starch)
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How are hyphae arranged in fungi?
They are compacted together to form solid structures
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What are hyphae?
Chain of cells
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What are septa?
Crosswalls between fungi cells
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What is the type of hyphae with no crosswalls between the cells?
Coenocytic
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What two types of hyphae have crosswalls between their cells and what is the name of both of them?
Monokaryotic and Dikaryotic; Septate
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What does karyo mean?
nucleus
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What is the type of hyphae with crosswalls and one nucleus in a cell?
monokaryotic
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What is the type of hyphae with crosswalls and two nuclei in a cell?
dikaryotic
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What are the mating types of dikaryotic hyphae and what do they allow it to do?
+ and -. Sexually reproduce
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What is the entire body of a fungus?
Mycelium
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What is the study of fungi?
Mycology
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What phylum does black red mold belong to?
Phylum Zygomycota
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What type of hyphae is on black bread mold?
coenocytic hyphae
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How does black bread mold start growing?
A spore lands on the bread, shoots enzymes into the bread, then digests it
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What are rhizoids?
The hyphae that penetrate and digest the food in saprobes
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What are stolons?
Surface hyphae that look like white cotton
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What are sporangiophores?
aerial hyphae that are involved in reproduction
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What do sporangiospores do?
release spores
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What color are sporangium in black bread mold?
black
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What will black bread mold realize when they touch each other?
That food is scarce and they may die from lack of food
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What type of sexual reproduction occurs in black bread mold and when does it occur?
conjugation, when food is scarce
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T/F conjugation will only work if one black bread mold is + and one is -
True
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What happens when black bread mold reproduce?
the nuclei join, a zygospore forms. The zygospore can remain dormant for months
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What happens when a zygospore finds new food?
Meiosis occurs and a new black bread mold hyphae will grow
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What is the scientific name for black bread mold?
Rhizopus stolonifer
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What are fungi phyla based on?
the way they reproduce
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What is an ascus?
A fingerlike sac with 8 ascopores in it; 4 are positive, 4 are negative
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What is a nickname for ascus?
sac fungi
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What is a nickname for Peziza?
cup fungus
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Where do Peziza live?
on logs
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T/F Peziza are saprobes
true
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What kind of hyphae do Peziza have?
monokaryotic septate
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What are primary mycelium?
The original first parents
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What kind of hyphae do Peziza have after the cells fuse?
dikaryotic hyphae
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What is a fruiting body?
A reproductive structure above ground that is a secondary mycelium
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What is another name for a fruiting body?
ascocarp
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What is the product of two different mating types join?
a zygote
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What are the steps of the Ascomycota life cycle?
- 1. before fertilization
- 2. zygote
- 3. meiosis
- 4. mitosis
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How do spores escape from the fruiting body in Peziza?
The fruiting body dries up and the spores escape
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T/F the parents die when the fruiting body dries up in Peziza
False
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What do new spores do?
grow into a new fungus
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What is the yeast cell wall made of?
chiten
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What kind of environment do yeast live in?
a moist environment
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What is the food of yeast?
mainly sugar of any other carb
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What is an example, other than bread, of where yeast live?
On the ground. It attacks fruit as it falls of the tree.
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When do yeast reproduce?
When there is a lot of food.
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How do yeast reproduce?
Asexually by budding
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T/F in budding the new cells are smaller than the original cells
true
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What civilization knew about yeast and made beer?
Egyptians
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What are the two kinds of yeast?
- Brewers yeast-use ethyl alcohol and ferment with grain
- Bakers yeast-yeast ferments sugar
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What are the wastes for the yeast when it is fermented with sugar?
carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol
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What does yeast use in the formula for yeast fermenting with sugar?
ATP
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What is this formula for? C6H12O6->CO2+C2H5OH+ATP
yeast fermenting sugar/carbs into alcohol
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Where can yeast be bought?
In the refrigerated or baking section
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How many ascospores does the ascus of a yeast have?
4 because they are unicellular
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What organisms are in the Phylum Ascomycota?
- Peziza
- Yeast
- Blue-green molds
- Morel
- Dutch Elm disease
- Chestnut blight
- Powdery mildews
- Ergot of Rye
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What are the two kinds of Blue-green molds?
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T/F Aspergillus and penicillium are both saprobes
True
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Where can Blue-green molds live?
wet leather
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What are conidiophores?
aerial hyphae in the blue-green molds
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What are conidiospores?
spores at the end of conidiophores, color is blue-green
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What carries canidiospores?
the wind
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What products do blue-green molds help produce
blue cheese products ex. dressing, and hard cheeses
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Where do morels live?
dead logs or leaves
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What part of the Morel do we eat?
the ascocarp
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What is Dutch Elm disease and what does it do?
a plant parasite; destroys the tubes that carry water through the tree
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What is Chesnut Blight and who were chesnuts eaten by?
plant parasite; Native Americans
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What is Powdery mildew and how is it killed?
a plant parasite in gardens; fungicide-powder that kills fungus
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What does Ergot of rye cause?
hallucinations because of a hallucinogenic chemical
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What is a nickname for organisms in the Phylum Basidiomycota?
"club fungi"
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What do Basidiomycota have that produce spores?
basidium
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What is the life cycle of a Basidiomycota?
- 2 parents
- zygote
- meiosis
- 4 basidiospores
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T/F mushrooms are saprobes
true
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What do mushrooms use for their food supply?
leaves
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What is the fruiting body of a mushroom called?
basidiocarp
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What hyphae are the product of two primary monokaryotic hyphae fusing?
a secondary dikaryotic hyphae
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What is the cap of a mushroom?
pileus
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What is the stem of a mushroom?
stipe
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Where do basidiospores form on mushrooms?
along the sides of the gills
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What is a basidia?
A club shaped structure on which spores form
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What is the scar tissue that forms when the edge pulls away from the stipe?
annulus
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How is a puffball different from a mushroom?
It doesn't have gills or a stipe
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T/F puffballs can cause severe allergic reactions
True
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What does a stinkhorn smell like?
Rotting flesh
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Why does the stinkhorn smell?
so flying insects will be attracted to it and carry its spores
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Where does bracket/shelf fungi grow?
On the sides of trees
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Are bracket/shelf fungi usually saprobes or parasites?
saprobes, but there are also parasitic types
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What do bracket/shelf fungi feed off of?
dead trees
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What are smuts?
plant parasites
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What do smuts affect?
oats and corn
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What does oat smut do to the oats?
makes less fruit and the fruit is fungi encrusted
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What does corn smut do to corn?
makes it white and cottony with black specks
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What can smuts be killed by?
fungicides
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What organisms are the Phylum Basidiomycota?
- mushroom
- puffball
- stinkhorn
- shelf/bracket fungi
- smuts
- rusts
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What are rusts?
A plant parasite
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What do rusts do to plants?
make red spots on the plants where the spores are
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What is wheat rust controlled by?
fungicides
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T/F wheat rust has a complex life cycle
true
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What are the spores that come out on wheat rust in the summer and what color are they?
uredospores-red summer spores
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What color are the spores of wheat rust in the autumn and what are they called?
black winter spores-teliospores
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What are teliospores?
black winter spores
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What are red summer spores?
uredospores
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What do teliospores of wheat rust do over the winter?
stay dormant in the soil
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In the spring what do teliospores of wheat rust do?
grow into basidiospores in the soil
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What do the basidiospores of wheat rust do in the spring?
float up to 1,000s of miles and land on barberry bush leaves
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What happens when the the basidiospores of wheat rust land on barberry bush leaves?
fungus grows and produces aeciospores, which affect baby wheat plants
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What is the life cycle of a wheat rust?
- 1. Uredospores-wheat, summer
- 2. Teliospores-wheat, autumn/winter
- 3. Basidiospores-soil, spring
- 4. Aeciospores-barberry, spring
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What is a nickname for fungi in the phylum Deuteromycota?
imperfecti fungi
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What makes Deuteromycota fungi different from other fungi?
no sexual stage
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What are the three human diseases caused by fungus?
- ringworm
- athlete's foot
- thrush
- vaginal yeast infection
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What do ringworm and athlete's foot affect?
the skin
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What are haustoria?
hyphae that grow into food (living host) on parasitic fungi
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What does athlete's foot need to grow?
A lot of moisture
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Where does ringworm like to grow?
in creases and on the scalp
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Why is ringworm called ringworm?
because the haustoria grows in a circle that looks like a ring
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What is thrush?
a mouth infection
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What does symbiotic mean?
two organisms living together
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What is mutualism in symbiotic relationships?
both organisms benefit-mutualistic symbiotic relationships
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What are the two symbiotic relationships?
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What do lichens have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with?
- green algae/cyanobacteria
- fungus
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How do green algae/cyanobacteria help lichens?
the photosynthesize, which makes food for the lichen
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How do fungus help lichens?
provide SA for absorption of water and minerals
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Where do lichens live?
on the surfaces of rocks
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Why can lichens grow on rocks?
Because they are self sufficient
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What climate can lichens grow in, what is there nickname there, and why are they called that?
- tundra
- reindeer moss
- because reindeer eat them
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What is a nickname for lichens and why are they called this?
- pioneer plants
- because they are some of the first life forms to come back after a natural disaster
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What do Mycorrhizas have symbiotic relationships with?
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How do plant roots help the Mycorrhizas?
they provide food
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How do plant roots help the Mycorrhizas?
provide SA for increased absorption of water and minerals
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