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Internal Stimuli: Central Arousal System
- Emotional and pleasure centers of the brain.
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External Stimuli: Peripheral Arousal System
- Cues from skin, genitals.. Basically when touching you become aroused.
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Excitement Phase (M&J) (Female)
- Vasocongestion and other changes in the genital region
- Vagina becomes lubricated with an alkaline fluid
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Plateau Phase (M&J) (Female)
- Increased changes in the vagina
- "Orgasmic platform" is created
- Breasts may become swollen and nipples may become erect
- Increase heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
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Excitement Phase (M&J) (Male)
- - Vasocongestion leads to erection of the penis
- - Muscular tension increases throughout the body
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Plateau Phase (M&J) (Male)
- - Testes may increase in size by 50%
- - Cowper's glands often secrete fluid
- - Glands of the penis become swollen
- - Increased heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
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Orgasm (M&J) (Male)
- - Strong muscle contractions at base of penis and anal area
- - Semen is expelled
- - Pleasurable feelings throughout the body
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Resolution (M&J) (Male)
- - Body returns to unexcited state, process may take two hours
- - Drowsiness and relaxation
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Masters & Johnson's Four- Stage Model
Excitement stage, Plateau stage, Orgasm stage, & Resolution stage.
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Limbic System
- Controls emotional behavior
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Kaplan's Triphasic Model
Deisre stage, Excitement stage, and Orgasm stage.
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Interactive Models
- . Byrne's Models
- - Erotophiles vs. Erotphobes
- . Barlow's
- - Anxiety inhibits sexual functioning
- . Bancroft's Model
- - Central nervous system (COS)
- - Psychosomatic circle of sex
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Cognitive Models
- Sensory input must be interpreted as sexual before it can lead to arousal
- Physiological arousal must be perceived and labeled as sexual arousal
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The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
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Organizing Effects
- Control development of sex glands, external genitals, and nervous system in the fetus.
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Activating Effects
- - May activate or deactivate sexual behavior
- - Central arousal system is more influenced by hormones than the peripheral arousal system
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Transexual
- Don't feel their body parts match them which leads to taking hormones
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Transvestite
- Dressing up as the opposite sex for sexual arousing purposes
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Gender vs. Sex
- Sex refers to the biological differences on the sex chromosomes and sex organs of males and females
- Gender refers to the psychological condition of being feminine.
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Sexual Differentiation & Genetic Factors
- Male & female each contribute 23 chromosomes to human embryo
- Embryos similar until about 7 weeks when the genetic code asserts itself. (XX or XY)
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Role of sex hormones
- Testosterone spurs the development of the male reproductive system
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Klinefelter Syndrone
- XXY pattern, don't develop secondary sex characteristics, infertile, mildly retarded.
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Turner Syndrone
- Loss of X chromosome (X0) material, short, odd hairline, no ovaries or non functional
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Super Male Syndrone
- XYY pattern, extra Y chromosome, larger, stronger, diminished intelligence, over represented in prisons
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Hermaphrodites
- Posses both ovarian and testicular tissue
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Pseudohermaphrodites, Rare (1 in 1000)
- Posses gonads of one gender but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other gender.
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Also known as adrenogenital syndrone
- Genetic defect that causes the adrenal glands to produce to mush testosterone
- Males reach puberty early
- Females have masculinized genitalia
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Androgen Insersitivity Syndrone
- Testosterone has no effect on target cells
- Males Woflian system does not develop but mis prevents mullarian devlopment as well
- Females little effect in development
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DHT Deficiency Syndrone
- Undescended testes and underdeveloped penis
- Give the appearance of a vagina and clitoris as juvenile, but will develop male secondary sex characteristics at puberty
- Rare but in us many have been surgically altered and raised as females
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Stereotypes
- Fixed, oversimplified, conventional idea about a group of people
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Gender Roles
- Ways in which males and females are expected to behave
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Androgyny
- Androgynous individuals have traits consistent with both male and female gender roles and are the most psychologically well adjusted.
- Undifferential-ed individuals are the most poorly adjusted
- Traditional males and females, adjustment depends on situational context
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Gender Assignment
- Labeling of newborn as male or female based on biological features
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Nature (Biology) or Nurture (Enviornment)
- Both seem necessary to complete the process of gender identity
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Gender Identity
- Own psychological sense of being male or female and does not always correspond with biological sex
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Transgenderist
- Emotional congruence between sex and gender identity through
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