Body Systems - Skeletal System

• Provides frame and strength to the body
• Produces body movement
• Provides protection for organs
• Serves as a storehouse for calcium salts
• Produces blood cells in the bone marrow

hard connective tissue impregnated with calcium substance (206 bones in the adult skeleton)

firm connective tissue found primarily in joints, thorax walls, larynx, ariway passages, and ears

bands of fibrous tissue that connect the articulating ends of bones to facilitate or limit movement; do not confuse ligaments with tendons, which connect muscle to bone

areas where two or more bones come together or articulate, such as the knee, shoulder, and neck

moving away from the body midline

moving toward the body midline

drawing an imaginary circle with a body structure

turning wrists or ankles outward, away from the body

bringing the limbs or phalanges toward a straight postition (the opposite of flexion) such as opening the fingers if a closed hand

bending (the opposite of extension), such as closing the fingers of the hand

extreme or abnormal extension, usually resulting in injury

turning inside out (the opposite of eversion), such as turning the heels outso toes face each other

pointing toes downward, which flexes the arch of the foot

turning on axis, such as turning the head to indicate "No"

consists of the skull, spine, and chest

skull

forehead

sides and up

lower sides

lower portion of the temporal bone (behind ear)

projection inferior to the external ear

upper cheek

base of skull, contains the foramen magnum (the opening in the skull that connects the spinal cord to the brain)

bat-shapped, lateral eye orbits

bony area between the nasal cavity and orbits

14 bones form the face

two bones that form the bridge of the nose

arch of the cheek

lower jaw

upper jaw

(7 vertebrae) neck bones, the first is called the atlas (supports the head); the second is called the axis (pivot for the head)

(12 vertebrae) chest (mid back)attached to the posterior portion of ribs

(5 vertebrae) small of the back; heavier and larger than other vertebrae

(1 vertebrae) posterior of bony pelvis located between the two hip bones

tail bone

12 pair of bones that make up the thorax; the bars of the cage

breast bone that, with the ribs, protects the heart

top of the breast bone that joins with the clavicle and first ribs

small tip at the lower end of the sternum

consists of the bones of the upper and lower ectremities and the girdles attaching them to the axial skeleton portion

collar bone which joins the sternum at the anterior and the scapula laterally

shoulder blade

upper arm (largest arm bone)

lateral bone of the forearm (thumb side)

medial bone of the forearm

the four bones that make up the wrist

the five bones of the palm of the hand

fingers (three bones each) and thumbs (two bones each)

superior wing-shaped portions of hip bones

inferior portion of hip bones that supports weight when sitting

anterior union of the hip bones

thigh bone; the body's largest, longest, strongest bone

knee cap

shin bone

smaller leg bone,lateral to the tibia

the seven ankle and foot bones (largest is the calcaneous, or heel bone)

the five foot bones

toe bones (three bones each), great toes (two bones each)

congenital deformity caused by a malunion of the maxilla, leaving an opening in the roof of the mouth (palate)

congenital deformity caused by a malformation of vertebrae that exposes the spinal column

abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

(hunchback) an excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column

(swayback) excessive curvaturein the lumbar portion of the vertebral column

inflammation of the joints

degenerative joint disease resulting in deformities and chronic pain; usually occurs as part of the aging process, but excessive joint use and trauma are also contributory factors

inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and joint tissues characterized by swelling of joints

inflammation and pain, usually of the great toes or thumbs, caused by accumulation of uric acid cystals; the highest incidence occurs in middle aged men

serious bloodstream bacterial infection attacking the joints; common pathogens are strep, staph, and tuberculosis

closed fracture with no open wound

open fracture with an external wound

incomplete break or a bending of the bone, usually in children

broken ends of the bone are forced into each other

splintering or crushing of the bone with several fragments

fracture caused by a twisting motion

displaced fracture of the distal radius proximal to the wrist

cancerous tumors

benign tumors such as cysts

inflammation of the bone or marrow caused by pathogens

porous, brittle bones resulting from low levels of calcium salts; common in menopausal women