anatomy

______, a chart of the timing and strength of the muscle's contraction

By gradually increasing the voltage and stimulating the muscle again, we can determine the _____, or minimum voltage necesary to generate an action potential in the muscle fiber and produce a contraction

at threshold or higher, a stimulus thus causes a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation called a ______

there is a delay, or ______, of about 2 million seconds (msec) between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the twitch

Once the the elastic components are taut, the muscle begins to produce external tension and move a resisting object, or load. This is called the ______ phase of the twitch.

As the Ca²⁺ level in the cytoplasm falls, myosin releases the thin filaments and muscle tension declines. This is seen in the myogram as the ______ phase

The process of bringing more motor units into play is called _____

________ is the result from two stimuli arriving close together

_______ is the result from one wave of contraction added to another

Your muscles are contracting at a cellular level, but their tension is being absorbed by the elastic components and is resisted by the weight of the load; the muscle as a whole is not producing any external movement. this phase is called __________, contraction without a change in length

________ contraction with a change in length but no change in tension-begins when internal tension builds to the point that it overcomes the resistance

In _______ contraction, a muscle shortens as it maintains tensionC

_______ contraction, a muscle lengthens as it maintains tension

The pathway from glycogen to lactic acid, called the ________ system, produces enough ATP for 30 to 40 seconds of maximum activity

Muscle _____ is the progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles

The ability to maintain high-intensity excercise for more than 4 to 5 minutes is determined in large part by one's _______, the point at which the rate of oxygen consumption reaches a plateau and does not increase further with an added workload

_______is the difference between the resting rate of oxygen consumption and the elevated rate following an excercise

______ excercise, such as weight lifting, is the contraction of muscles against a load that resists movement

_________ excercise, such as jogging and swimming, improves the fatigue resistance of the muscles

Any of the three types of muscle cells can be called __________

Each myocyte is joined to several others at its ends through linkages called ______

Cardiac muscle contains a built in _____ that rhythmically sets off a wave of electrical excitation

Cardiac muscle is said to be ________ because of this ability to contract rhythmically and independently

____ muscle is composed of myocytes with a fusiform shape, about 30 to 200 m long, 5 to 10 m wide at the middle, and tapering to a point at each end

Cardiac myocytes are also called __________

_________ smooth muscle occurs in some of the largest arteries and pulmonary air passages, in the piloerector muscles of the hair follicles, and in the iris of the eye

_______ smooth muscle is more widespread. It occurs in most blood vessels and in the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts---thus, it is also called _______ muscle

in single-unit smooth muscle, each autonomic nerve fiber has up to 20,000 beadlike swellings called _____ along its length

Such nerve muscle relationships are called _____ junctions because there is no one to one relationship between a nerve fiber and a myocyte

Smooth muscle has not troponin. Calcium binds instead to a similar protein called ______, associated with the thick filaments. Calmodulin then activates an enzyme called ______ kinase, which adds a phosphate group to a small regulatory protein on the myosin head

Distension of the esophagus with food or the colon with feces, for examples, evokes a wave of contraction called ______ that propels the contents along the organ

Smooth muscle exhibits a reaction called the ________ response

smooth muscle also exhibits ______--- the ability to adjust its tension to the degree of stretch

_________ is painful spasms triggered by heavy excercise, extreme cold, dehydration, electrolyte loss, low blood glucose, or lack of blood flow

________ is a collective term for several hereditary diseases in which the muscles degenerate, weaken, and are gradually replaced by fat and fibrous scar tissue

The most common form of muscular dystrophy is _______, a sex linked recessive trait affecting about 1 out of every 3,500 live born boys

_______ usually occurs in women between the ages of 20 and 40. It is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together in clusters

A less severe of muscular dystrophy is _________ MD, and autosomal dominant trait that begins in adolescense and affects both sexes equally

Muscular tissuse has the properties of:

The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles. The study of this system is called ______

The muscular system serves for:

Each skeletal muscle fiber (cell) is enclosed in a fibrous _______

A ______ is a bundle of muscle fibers enclosed in a fibrous _____

Connective tissue ______ seperate muscles from each other and from the skin

Muscles are classified according to the orientation of their fascicles as:

Circular muscles are also called ______

A muscle may have an ______ attachment in which a tendon intervenes between the muscle and bone or a ______ attachment in which the muscle fibers reach all the way to the bone

A mucsle typically has a stationary _____ (head) on one bone, a mobile _____ on another bone, and a thicker _____ between the origin and insertion

The ____ of a muscle is either the motion it produces or its role in preventing an unwanted motion

In a given joint action, the ____ produces most of the force

A ____ aids the prime mover or modifies its action, an ______ opposes that action

A ____ prevents a bone from moving

____ muscles are entirely contained in a region of study such as the head or hand

______ muscles have their origin in a region other than the site of their action, such as forearm muscles that move the fingers

Muscles are innvervated by what nerves?

Muscle names usually in Latin, usually refer to their:

the ____ and ____ move the scalp, eyebrows, and forehead

THe eyelid and other tissues around the eye are moved by the ______ oculi, ______ superioris, and ________ superioris

The _____ muscle flares and compresses the nostrils

The ______ muscles act upon the cheeks

the ____ acts upon the mandible and the skin of the neck

The tongue is controlled by a set of unnamed intrinsic muscles and several extrinsic muscles:

Biting and chewing are achieved by the actions of the:

Four muscles are associated with the hyoid bone and located superior to it, and thus are called the suprahyoid group:

Another four muscles associated with the hyoid bone are inferior to it and therefore called the infrahyoid group:

The _____, ______, ______ pharynegeal constrictors contract in squence to force food down and into the esphagus

The _____, ______ capitis, ______ capitis are the major extensors of the neck

The abdominal wall is supported by the sheetlike _________ abdominal oblique, _________ abdominal oblique, and ___________ abdominal muscles, and by the _______ abdominal

The deep back muscles include the _______, ________, and _______

The anal canal, urethra, and vagina penetrate the pelvic floor muscles and open into the _____, a diamond shaped space between the thighs bordered by the _____, _____, and ______

The anterior half of the perineum is the _____ triangle, and the posterior half is the ______ triangle

The most superficial compartment of the pelvic floor is the _____ space. It contains two major muscles:

The middle compartment of the pelvic floor contains the external ______ sphincter and external _______ sphincter, and in females, the _______ urethrae

The deepest compartment of the pelvic floor is the ______. It consists of two muscles:

Most tendons of the forearm muscles pass under a _____ on the anterior side of the wrist or an ______ on the posterior side of the wrist

The space between the flexor retinaculum and carpal bones is called the ______

Anterior compartment muscles are mainly flexors of the _____ and _____

Superficial muscles of the anterior compartment include the ______ and ________ which form the two most prominent tendons of the anterior wrist and them _____ and ______

The deep muscles of the anterior compartment include the ______ profundus and ______ longus

Superficial muscles of the posterior compartment include the extensor carpi radialis ______, extensor carpi radialis _____, extensor ______, extensor digiti _____, and extensor carpi ________

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment include the ______ pollicis longus, ______ pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis ______ and extensor _____

Intrinsic muscles are divided into three groups:

_____ group of muscles form the thick fleshy mass at the base of the thumb and the web between the thumb and palm

The thenar group includes the ____ pollicis, ______ pollicis brevis, _____ pollicis brevis, and ______ pollicis

The ______ group muscles form the fleshy _______ at the base of the little finger, and are concerned with movements of that digit

The hypothenar group include the ____ digiti minimi, ______ digiti minimi brevis, and _____ digiti minimi

The _____ group of muscles span the palm

Most muscles that act on the femur originate on the ____ bone. The two major anterior muscles of this group are the _____ and the _____ major, collectively called the _____

Superficial muscles on the lateral and posterior sides of the hip include the:

______ nerves arise from the spinal cord, emerge through the intervertebral foramina, and innervate muscles below the neck

______ nerves arise from the base of the brain, emerge through the skull foramina, and innervate muscles of the head and neck

The ____ of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it